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: The Joseon Tongsinsa were goodwill missions sent intermittently, at the request of the resident Japanese authority, by Joseon Dynasty Korea to Japan. The Korean noun identifies a specific type of diplomatic delegation and its chief envoys. From the Joseon diplomatic perspective, the formal description of a mission as a ''tongsinsa'' signified that relations were largely "normalized," as opposed to missions that were not called ''tongsinsa''.〔Lewis, James Bryant. (2003). ( ''Frontier contact between chosŏn Korea and Tokugawa Japan,'' pp. 21–24. )〕 Diplomatic envoys were sent to the Muromachi shogunate and to Toyotomi Hideyoshi between 1392 and 1590. Similar missions were dispatched to the Tokugawa shogunate in Japan between 1607 and 1811.〔Sin, Hyŏng-sik. (2004). ( ''A Brief history of Korea,'' p. 90. )〕 After the 1811 mission, another mission was prepared, but it was delayed four times and ultimately cancelled due to domestic turmoil in Japan that resulted in the establishment of the Meiji Restoration in Japan, after which Japanese relations with Korea took a markedly different tone. ==History== Starting in 1392, many diplomatic missions were sent from the Joseon court to Japan. Not less than 70 envoys were dispatched to Kyoto and Osaka before the beginning of Japan's Edo period.〔Lewis, (p. 269 n. 89 ), citing ''Hanguk Chungse tae-il kysōpsa yŏngu'' (1996) by Na Chongpu.〕 The formal arrival of serial missions from Korea to Japan were considered important affairs; and these events were widely noted and recorded. Only the largest formal diplomatic missions sent by the Joseon court to Japan were called ''tongsinsa'' in Korean. The term ''tongsinsa'' may be misused to refer to the practice of unilateral relations, not the international relations of mutual Joseon-Japanese contacts and communication.〔한일관계사연구논집편찬위원회. (2005). 통신사・왜관과한일관계 (''Han Il kwangyesa yŏngu nonjip''), Vol. 6, p. 29.〕 Up through the end of the 16th century, four embassies to Japan were called "communication envoys" or ''tongsinsa'' – in 1428, 1439, 1443 and 1590. After 1607, nine ''tonsingsa'' missions were sent to Japan up through 1811.〔Kang, Etsuko. (1997). ( ''Diplomacy and Ideology in Japanese-Korean Relations: from the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century,'' p. 35. )〕 The unique pattern of these diplomatic exchanges evolved from models established by the Chinese, but without denoting any predetermined relationship to China or to the Chinese world order.〔Toby, Ronald P. (1991). ( ''State and Diplomacy in Early Modern Japan: Asia in the Development of the Tokugawa Bakufu,'' p. 87. )〕 In the Edo period of Japanese history, these diplomatic missions were construed as benefiting the Japanese as legitimizing propaganda for the ''bakufu'' (Tokugawa shogunate) and as a key element in an emerging manifestation of Japan's ideal vision of the structure of an international order with Edo as its center.〔Walker, (p. 48; ) Guilliaume, Xavier. (2003). ( "Misdirected Understanding: Narrative Matrices in the Japanese Politics of Alterity toward the West," pp. 85–116 ) in ''Jahrbuch des Deutschen Instituts für Japanstudien.''〕 After the Japanese invasion of the Korean peninsula (1592–1598), a new phase of diplomatic relations began. The formal embassies were preceded by preliminary negotiations which began in 1600, shortly after news of the Toyotomi defeat at the Battle of Sekigahara was received by the Joseon Court. As an initial gesture in a process of re-establishing diplomatic relations and as an earnest of future progress, some Joseon prisoners were released at Tsushima Island. In response, a small group of messengers under the leadership of Yu Jeong were sent to Kyoto to investigate further. With the assistance of Sō Yoshitomo, an audience with Tokugawa Ieyasu was arranged at Fushimi Castle in Kyoto.〔Kang, Jae-eun ''et al.'' (2006). ( ''The Land of Scholars: Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism,'' pp. 312–313. )〕 In 1604, Yu Jeong confirmed the Joseon interest in further developing relations; the Tokugawa shogun reciprocated by releasing 1,390 prisoners-of-war.〔Kang, ( p. 274. )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Joseon Tongsinsa」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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