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Tonina (or Toniná in Spanish orthography) is a pre-Columbian archaeological site and ruined city of the Maya civilization located in what is now the Mexican state of Chiapas, some 13 km (8.1 mi) east of the town of Ocosingo. The site is medium to large, with groups of temple-pyramids set on terraces rising some above a plaza,〔Kelly 2001, p.355.〕 a large court for playing the Mesoamerican ballgame, and over 100 carved monuments, most dating from the 6th century through the 9th centuries AD, during the Classic period. Toniná is distinguished by its well preserved stucco sculptures and particularly by its in-the-round carved monuments, produced to an extent not seen in Mesoamerica since the end of the much earlier Olmec civilization.〔Martin & Grube 2000, p.177. Coe 1999, p.130.〕 Toniná was an aggressive state in the Late Classic, using warfare to develop a powerful kingdom.〔Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.472.〕 For much of its history, Toniná was engaged in sporadic warfare with Palenque, its greatest rival and one of the most important polities in the west of the Maya region, although Toniná eventually became the dominant city in the west.〔Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.451.〕 The city is notable for having the last known Long Count date on any Maya monument, marking the end of the Classic Maya period in AD 909.〔Martin & Grube 2000, p.177.〕 ==Etymology== Toniná means ''house of stone'' in the Tzeltal language of the local Maya inhabitants, an alternate interpretation is ''the place where stone sculptures are raised to honour time''.〔Yadeun 2001, p.44.〕 However, this is a modern name and the original name was either ''Po'' or ''Popo'', appearing in Classic Maya texts in the title used for the kings of Toniná, ''k'uhul po' ajaw'' (Divine Lord of Po).〔Martin & Grube 2000, p.179.〕 A Maya rebellion in Colonial times, in 1558, featured a group called the ''po' winikob (People of Po).〔 Early versions of the Toniná emblem glyph bore a doubled ''po'' glyph and the term ''Popo'' is also found in Colonial records.〔 Since double sounds were often abbreviated in hieroglyphic texts, ''Popo'' may represent the original name of the city.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Toniná」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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