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Greek orthography has used a variety of diacritics starting in the Hellenistic period. The complex polytonic orthography notates Ancient Greek phonology. The simple monotonic orthography, introduced in 1982, corresponds to Modern Greek phonology, and requires only two diacritics. Polytonic orthography (from "much, many" and "accent") is the standard system for Ancient Greek and Medieval Greek. The acute accent ( ´ ), the grave accent ( ` ), and the circumflex ( ῀ ) indicate different kinds of pitch accent. The rough breathing ( (unicode:῾) ) indicates the presence of the sound before a letter, while the smooth breathing ( (unicode:᾿) )indicates the absence of . Since in Modern Greek the pitch accent was replaced by a dynamic accent, and the was lost, most polytonic diacritics have no phonetic significance, and merely reveal the underlying Ancient Greek etymology. Monotonic orthography (from "single" and "accent") is the standard system for Modern Greek. It retains a single accent or ''tonos'' ( ΄ ) to indicate stress and the diaeresis ( ¨ ) to indicate a hiatus: compare modern Greek "lamb chops", with a diphthong, and "little children" with a simple vowel. A ''tonos'' and a ''diaeresis'' can be combined on a single vowel, as in the verb ταΐζω ( "to feed"). ==History== The original Greek alphabet did not have any diacritics. The Greek alphabet is attested since the 8th century BC. Until 403 BC, variations of the Greek alphabet—which used capitals exclusively—were used in different cities and areas. From 403 on, the Athenians decided to employ a version of the Ionian alphabet. With the spread of Koine Greek, a continuation of the Attic dialect, the Ionic alphabet superseded more or less quickly the other alphabets, called epichoric. The Ionian alphabet, however, was also made up only of capitals. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Greek diacritics」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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