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The ''Tonquin'' was an American merchant ship owned by John Jacob Astor's Pacific Fur Company and used in the Maritime Fur Trade of the early 19th century. The ship was used to establish fur trading outposts on the Northwest Coast of North America, including Fort Astoria at the mouth of the Columbia River. The 290-ton bark was destroyed and sunk at Clayoquot Sound in June 1811, after its captain and crew were killed following a dispute with chief Wickaninnish of the Nootka people. ==Astoria== Built in New York in 1807, the ''Tonquin'' was purchased by American John Jacob Astor on August 23, 1810.〔Gough, Barry. (Tonquin. ) The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved on February 20, 2008.〕 This vessel was to be used in the fur trade of the Northwest coast of America.〔 〕 Astor paid $37,860 to Fanning & Coles for the 290-ton bark to be used by the Pacific Fur Company, in which Astor owned a half-interest.〔 He gained the services of United States Navy lieutenant Jonathan Thorn and put him in command of the 10-gun merchant vessel.〔 On September 8, 1810 ship and crew departed New York harbor bound for the Columbia River in the Oregon Country as part of the Astor Expedition.〔 Cargo on board included fur trade goods, seeds, building material for a trading post, tools, and the frame of a schooner to be used in the coastal trade.〔 The crew consisted of 34 people including the captain, 30 of whom were British subjects.〔(''History of British Columbia from its earliest discovery to the present time'' p. 7, Alexander Begg, publ. William Briggs, Toronto, 1894 )〕 Four partners of the company were on board: Duncan McDougall, David and Robert Stuart, and Alexander McKay.〔 Additionally there were 12 clerks and 13 Canadian voyageurs, plus four tradesmen: Augustus Roussel, a blacksmith; Johann Koaster, a carpenter; Job Aitkem, a boat builder; and George Bell, a cooper.〔 (Clerk Gabriel Franchère's account of his journey on the ''Tonquin'' later formed a large part of his ''Narrative of a Voyage to the Northwest Coast of America.''〔 〕) On the voyage around South America, the vessel put in at the Falkland Islands to make repairs and take on fresh water.〔 Captain Thorn set sail without eight of the crew, and only stopped to pick them up after Robert Stuart threatened to shoot Thorn if he did not stop, as his uncle David was one of those not on board.〔 On December 25, they rounded Cape Horn and sailed north, reaching the Hawaiian Islands on February 12, 1811. They dropped anchor at Kealakekua Bay (then known as the "Sandwich Islands" and "Karakakooa").〔 〕 They traded for sheep, hogs, goats, poultry, and vegetables.〔 The ''Tonquin'' also took on 12 Native Hawaiians, who were recruited for the fur venture before they set sail again for the Columbia River.〔 One of the Hawaiians, Naukane, was appointed by King Kamehameha I to oversee the interests of Hawaiian laborers, known as ''kanakas.'' Naukane was given the name John Coxe while on the ''Tonquin''. He later joined the North West Company. On March 22, 1811, the ''Tonquin'' reached the Columbia River.〔 The dangerous Columbia Bar posed a problem of access to the river, so Thorn sent John Martin, Ebenezer Fox, and three others in a boat to attempt to locate the channel.〔 The small boat and all its crew were lost in the rough surf.〔 The next day they tried again with William Mumford and four others to sound for the channel, but were unsuccessful and nearly lost the small craft.〔 With a third try, the crew located the channel, but the small boat carrying Aiken, Stephen Weekes, John Coles and two others sank before reaching the ship.〔 Finally on March 24, the ''Tonquin'' crossed the bar, passing into the Columbia’s estuary. They laid anchor in Baker’s Bay and began searching for the lost men.〔 Only Weekes and one other man were recovered alive.〔 The party proceeded upriver fifteen miles, where they began building a fort, a shed, and a small boat on the south bank of the river. This was the future site of present-day Astoria, Oregon is located.〔 This new outpost was named Fort Astoria.〔 Here some of the cargo was unloaded and the trading post was built.〔 After 65 days, Thorn departed with a crew of 23 plus a mixed-race native-British interpreter named Lamazu.〔 McKay was aboard the ship as supercargo and James Lewis as clerk when Thorn ordered the ship downriver.〔 On June 5, 1811, the ''Tonquin'' left Baker’s Bay and sailed north to trade for furs.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tonquin」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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