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Toothache (also termed dental pain,〔Segen JC. (2002) ''McGraw-Hill Concise Dictionary of Modern Medicine''. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.〕 odontalgia, dentalgia,〔 odontodynia,〔 or odontogenic pain), is pain in the teeth and/or their supporting structures, caused by dental diseases or pain referred to the teeth by non-dental diseases. Common causes include pulpitis (inflammation of the pulp, usually in response to tooth decay, dental trauma, or other factors), dentin hypersensitivity (short, sharp pain, usually associated with exposed root surfaces), apical periodontitis (inflammation of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone around the root apex), dental abscesses (localized collections of pus, such as apical abscess, pericoronal abscess, and periodontal abscess), alveolar osteitis ("dry socket", a possible complication of tooth extraction, with loss of the blood clot and exposure of bone), acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (a gum infection, also called "trenchmouth"), and others. Pulpitis is classified as reversible when the pain is mild to moderate and lasts for a short time after a stimulus (for instance, cold or sweet); or irreversible when the pain is severe, spontaneous, and lasts a long time after a stimulus. Left untreated, pulpitis may become irreversible, then progress to pulp necrosis (death of the pulp) and apical periodontitis. Abscesses usually cause throbbing pain. The apical abscess usually occurs after pulp necrosis, the pericoronal abscess is usually associated with acute pericoronitis of a lower wisdom tooth, and periodontal abscesses usually represent a complication of chronic periodontitis (gum disease). Much less commonly, non-dental conditions can cause toothache, such as maxillary sinusitis, which can cause pain in the upper back teeth, or angina pectoris, which can cause pain in the lower teeth. Toothache is the most common type of orofacial pain and, when severe, it is considered a dental emergency, since there may be a significant impact on sleep, eating, and other daily activities. It is one of the most common reasons for emergency dental appointments. Correct diagnosis can sometimes be challenging. The treatment of a toothache depends upon the exact cause, and may involve a filling, root canal treatment, extraction, drainage of pus, or other remedial action. The relief of toothache is considered one of the main responsibilities of dentists.〔 Historically, the demand for treatment of toothache is thought to have led to the emergence of dental surgery as the first specialty of medicine.〔 ==Causes== Toothache may be caused by ''dental'' (''odontogenic'') conditions (such as those involving the dentin-pulp complex or periodontium), or by ''non-dental'' (''non-odontogenic'') conditions (such as maxillary sinusitis or angina pectoris). There are many possible non-dental causes, but the vast majority of toothache is dental in origin. Both the pulp and periodontal ligament have nociceptors (pain receptors), but the pulp lacks proprioceptors (motion or position receptors) and mechanoreceptors (mechanical pressure receptors).〔〔 Consequently, pain originating from the dentin-pulp complex tends to be poorly localized, whereas pain from the periodontal ligament will typically be well localized,〔 although not always.〔 For instance, the periodontal ligament can detect the pressure exerted when biting on something smaller than a grain of sand (10-30 µm). When a tooth is intentionally stimulated, about 33% of people can correctly identify the tooth, and about 20% cannot narrow the stimulus location down to a group of three teeth.〔 Another typical difference between pulpal and periodontal pain is that the latter is not usually made worse by thermal stimuli.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Toothache」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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