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Toppenish () is a city in Yakima County, Washington, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 8,949. It is located within the Yakama Indian Reservation, established in 1855. ==History== All territory set aside for the Yakama Reservation by the Treaty of 1855 was held communally in the name of the tribe. None of the land was individually owned. The treaty of 1855, between the United States government, representatives from thirteen other bands, tribes, and Chief Kamiakin, resulted in the Yakama Nation relinquishing of their homeland. Prior to their ceding the land, only Native Americans had lived in the area. For a time they were not much disturbed, but the railroad was constructed into the area in 1883. More white settlers migrated into the region, looking for farming land, and joined the ranchers in older settlements bordering the Columbia River. The General Allotment Act of 1887 (known as the Dawes Act) was part of federal legislation designed to force assimilation to European-American ways by Native Americans. Specifically, it was designed to break up the communal tribal land of Indian reservations and allot portions to individual households of tribal members, in order to encourage them to do subsistence farming in the European-American style, learn about western conceptions of property, and assimilate more. Lands declared excess by the government to this allotment were available for sale to anyone, and European Americans had been demanding more land in the West for years. Under varying conditions, Native American landowners were to be allowed to sell their plots. Josephine Bowser Lillie was among Indians granted an allotment of land within the Yakama Reservation. Of mixed Indian-European ancestry and Yakama identification, she is known as "The Mother of Toppenish." She platted the north of her land. These tracts became the first deeded land to be sold on the Yakama Nation Reservation. The town is generally called ''Tẋápniš'' in the Sahaptin language of the Yakama. This is the likely source of the name Toppenish. The word means ‘protruded, stuck out’ and recalls a landslide that occurred on the ridge south of White Swan, Washington.〔Beavert, Virginia and Hargus, Sharon. ''Ichishkíin Sɨ́nwit Yakama = Yakima Sahaptin dictionary''. Toppenish, Washington : Heritage University ; Seattle : in association with the University of Washington Press, 2009; p. 237. OCLC 268797329〕 According to William Bright, the name "Toppenish" comes from the Sahaptin word ''/txápniš/'', referring to a landslide, from ''/txá-/'', "accidentally", ''/-pni-/'', "to launch, to take forth and out", and ''/-ša/'', "continuative present tense". The city lies inside the boundaries of the Yakama Nation's Reservation. Toppenish was officially incorporated on April 29, 1907, and founded by Johnny Barnes. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Toppenish, Washington」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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