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|Section2= |Section3= }} Toxaphene was an insecticide used primarily for cotton in the southern United States during the late 1960s and 1970s.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tf.asp?id=547&tid=99 )〕 Toxaphene is a mixture of over 670 different chemicals and is produced by reacting chlorine gas with camphene.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tf.asp?id=547&tid=99 )〕〔 It can be most commonly found as a yellow to amber waxy solid.〔 Toxaphene was banned in the United States in 1990 and was banned globally by the 2001 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.〔 It is a very persistent chemical that can remain in the environment for 1–14 years without degrading, particularly in the soil. Testing performed on animals, mostly rats and mice, has demonstrated that toxaphene is harmful to animals. Exposure to toxaphene has proven to stimulate the central nervous system, as well as induce morphological changes in the thyroid, liver, and kidneys. Toxaphene has been shown to cause adverse health effects in humans. The main sources of exposure are through food, drinking water, breathing contaminated air, and direct contact with contaminated soil. Exposure to high levels of toxaphene can cause damage to the lungs, nervous system, liver, kidneys, and in extreme cases, may even cause death. It is thought to be a potential carcinogen in humans, though this has not yet been proven.〔 ==Composition== Toxaphene is a synthetic organic compound composed of over 670 chemicals, formed by the chlorination of camphene (C10H16) to an overall chlorine content of 67–69% by weight.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tf.asp?id=547&tid=99 )〕〔Buntin, G.A. , 1951.〕 The bulk of the compounds (mostly chlorobornanes, chlorocamphenes, and other bicyclic chloroorganic compounds) found in toxaphene have chemical formulas ranging from C10H11Cl5 to C10H6Cl12, with a mean formula of C10H10Cl8. The formula weights of these compounds range from 308 to 551 grams/mole; the theoretical mean formula has a value of 414 grams/mole. Toxaphene is usually seen as a yellow to amber waxy solid with a piney odor. It is highly insoluble in water but freely soluble in aromatic hydrocarbons and readily soluble in aliphatic organic solvents. It is stable at room temperature and pressure.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tf.asp?id=547&tid=99 )〕 It is volatile enough to be transported for long distances through the atmosphere. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Toxaphene」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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