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''Toxicodendron'' is a genus of flowering plants in the sumac family, Anacardiaceae. It contains woody trees, shrubs and vines, including poison ivy, poison oak, and the lacquer tree. All members of the genus produce the skin-irritating oil urushiol, which can cause a severe allergic reaction. The generic name is derived from the Greek words τοξικός (''toxikos''), meaning "poison," and δένδρον (''dendron''), meaning "tree". The best known members of the genus in North America are poison ivy ''(T. radicans)'', practically ubiquitous throughout most of eastern North America, and western poison oak (''T. diversilobum''), similarly ubiquitous throughout much of the western part of the continent. The genus is a member of the ''Rhus complex'', and has at various times been categorized as being either its own genus or a sub-genus of ''Rhus.''〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Molecular Systematics of the Cashew Family (Anacardiaceae) (PhD dissertation at Louisiana State University) ), page 89〕 There is evidence which points to keeping ''Toxicodendron'' as a separate monophyletic genus, but researchers have stated that the ''Toxicodendron'' and ''Rhus'' groups are complex and require more study to be fully understood.〔http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1759-6831.2009.00045.x/full〕 Plants in the genus have pinnately compound, alternate leaves and whitish or grayish drupes. They are quite variable in appearance. The leaves may have smooth, toothed or lobed edges, and all three types of leaf edge may be present in a single plant. The plants grow as creeping vines, climbing vines, shrubs, or, in the case of lacquer tree (''T. vernicifluum'') and poison sumac (''T. vernix)'', as trees. While leaves of poison ivy and poison oaks usually have three leaflets, sometimes there are five or, occasionally, even seven leaflets. Leaves of poison sumac have 7–13 leaflets, and of Lacquer Tree, 7–19 leaflets. The common names come from similar appearances to other species that are not closely related and to the allergic response to the urushiol. Poison oak is not an oak (''Quercus'', family Fagaceae), but this common name comes from the leaves' resemblance to white oak (''Quercus alba'') leaves, while poison ivy is not an ivy (''Hedera'', family Araliaceae), but has a superficially similar growth form. Technically, the plants do not contain a poison; they contain a potent allergen. The resins of certain species native to Japan, China and other Asian countries, such as lacquer tree (''T. vernicifluum'') and wax tree (''T. succedaneum''), are used to make lacquer, and, as a byproduct of lacquer manufacture, their berries are used to make japan wax. ==Candlewax== In East Asia, in particular in Japan, traditional candle fuel was produced from ''Toxicodendron vernicifluum'' (synonym: ''Rhus verniciflua'') and ''Toxicodendron succedaneum'' (synonym: ''Rhus succedanea''), among other sumac plants in the genus ''Toxicodendron'', rather than beeswax or animal fats. The sumac wax was a byproduct of traditional Japanese lacquer manufacture. The conical rousoku candles produced from sumac wax burn with smokeless flame and were favored in many respects over candles made from lard or beeswax during the Tokugawa shogunate. Japan wax is not a true wax but a solid fat that contains 10-15% palmitin, stearin, and olein with about 1% japanic acid (1,21-heneicosanedioic acid). It is still used in many tropical and subtropical countries in the production of wax match sticks. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Toxicodendron」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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