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Transandinomys
''Transandinomys'' is a genus of rodents in the tribe Oryzomyini of family Cricetidae. It includes two species—''T. bolivaris'' and ''T. talamancae''—found in forests from Honduras in Central America south and east to southwestern Ecuador and northwestern Venezuela in northern South America. Until 2006, its members were included in the genus ''Oryzomys'', but phylogenetic analysis showed that they are not closely related to the type species of that genus, and they have therefore been placed in a new genus. They may be most closely related to genera like ''Hylaeamys'' and ''Euryoryzomys'', which contain very similar species. Both species of ''Transandinomys'' have had eventful taxonomic histories.
''Transandinomys bolivaris'' and ''T. talamancae'' are medium-sized, soft-furred rice rats. The upperparts—brownish in ''T. bolivaris'' and reddish in ''T. talamancae''—are much darker than the whitish underparts. Both species are characterized by very long vibrissae (whiskers), but those of ''T. bolivaris'' are particularly long. In addition to whisker length and fur color, several other morphological differences distinguish the two, including the wider first upper molar in ''T. bolivaris''. Species of ''Hylaeamys'' and ''Euryoryzomys'' also differ from ''Transandinomys'' in some details of the skull and teeth and have shorter whiskers. Species of ''Transandinomys'' live on the ground, are active during the night, eat both plant and animal matter, and construct nests of vegetation. Both are hosts to various external parasites. They are in no apparent danger of extinction and have been assessed as "Least Concern" in the IUCN Red List.
==Taxonomy==
The first species of ''Transandinomys'' to be scientifically described was ''T. talamancae'', named as ''Oryzomys talamancae'' by Joel Asaph Allen in 1891.〔Allen, 1891, p. 193〕 Several other species were soon added to the genus ''Oryzomys'', then more broadly defined than currently, that are now classified in ''Transandinomys'',〔Weksler et al., 2006, p. 25〕 including ''Oryzomys bolivaris'' (now ''Transandinomys bolivaris'') by Allen in 1901.〔Allen, 1901, p. 405〕 In his 1918 review of North American ''Oryzomys'', Edward Alphonso Goldman placed ''Oryzomys talamancae'' and ''Oryzomys bombycinus'' (=''T. bolivaris'') each in their own group, but thought them closely related.〔Goldman, 1918, p. 73〕 In 1960, ''O. talamancae'' was synonymized with "''Oryzomys capito''" (=''Hylaeamys megacephalus''), but it has again been recognized as a separate species since 1983. The species was reviewed by Guy Musser and Marina Williams in 1985 and again by Musser and colleagues in 1998, who documented the diagnostic characters of the species, its synonyms, and its distribution.〔Musser and Carleton, 2005, p. 1155〕 The 1998 study by Musser and colleagues also documented ''Oryzomys bolivaris'' as the correct name for the species previously known as ''Oryzomys bombycinus'' and reviewed that species.〔Musser and Carleton, 2005, p. 1146〕
In 2006, Marcelo Weksler published a broad phylogenetic analysis of Oryzomyini, the tribe to which ''Oryzomys'' and related genera belong, using morphological data and DNA sequences from the IRBP gene. ''O. talamancae'' appeared within "clade B", together with other species formerly associated with ''Oryzomys capito''. Some analyses placed it closest to species now placed in ''Euryoryzomys'' or ''Nephelomys'', but with low support. ''O. bolivaris'' was not included.〔Weksler, 2006, figs. 34–39〕 Species of ''Oryzomys'' included in Weksler's study did not cluster together in his results, but instead appeared dispersed across Oryzomyini, indicating that the genus was polyphyletic and should be split up.〔Weksler, 2006, pp. 75–77〕 Later in the same year, Weksler, Alexandre Percequillo, and Robert Voss introduced ten new genera of Oryzomyini formerly placed in ''Oryzomys'', including ''Transandinomys'' for ''Oryzomys talamancae'' and ''O. bolivaris'', with the former as the type species.〔 ''Transandinomys'' is now one of about thirty genera within Oryzomyini, a diverse group of well over a hundred species.〔Weksler, 2006, pp. 1, 10; Weksler et al., 2006, p. 1, table 1〕 Oryzomyini is one of several tribes within the subfamily Sigmodontinae of the family Cricetidae, which includes hundreds of other species of mainly small rodents, distributed chiefly in Eurasia and the Americas.〔Musser and Carleton, 2005〕
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