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Transarmament (closely related to civilian-based defense) is the partial or total replacement of armed forces with the physical and social infrastructure to support nonviolent resistance. According to an encyclopedia definition, transarmament is
==Civilian defense== The term "transarmament" appears to have been introduced in 1937 in a pamphlet by Kenneth Boulding.〔 It appears not to have been used again until the 1960s.〔〔Adam Roberts (ed.) (1968), ''Civilian resistance as a national defense: non-violent action against aggression''. Stackpole Books. (320 pages)〕 According to Adam Roberts, :At least four possible stages :1. Research and investigation into civilian defence, in order to judge its workability, relate it to a specific country's defence problems, and develop strategic and tactical concepts so that the proposal can be presented in concrete and practical terms. :2. General public education in non-violent action and civilian defence; concentrated training of key groups and individuals; organizational preparations. :3. Application of civilian defence in specific areas without complete abandonment of military defence policy. :4. Public commitment to use civilian defence in resisting all threats formerly dealt with by military methods. Completion of process of transarment. (p. 338〔Adam Roberts (1969) "Transarmament to Civilian Defence" (pp. 336-348) in Adam Roberts (ed.), "Civilian Resistance as a National Defence," Baltimore, MD: Penguin/Pelican, 1969. (367 pages)〕) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Transarmament」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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