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Transfeminism, also written trans feminism, has been defined by scholar and activist Emi Koyama as "a movement by and for trans women who view their liberation to be intrinsically linked to the liberation of all women and beyond." Koyama notes that it "is also open to other queers, intersex people, trans men, non-trans women, non-trans men and others who are sympathetic toward needs of trans women and consider their alliance with trans women to be essential for their own liberation." Transfeminism has also been defined more generally as "an approach to feminism that is informed by trans politics." Despite its relatively late introduction as a term, transfeminism has been around since the early second wave in various forms, most prominently embodied by thinkers such as Sandy Stone, considered the founder of academic transgender studies, and Sylvia Rivera, a Stonewall rioter and founder of Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries. In 2006, the first book on transfeminism, ''Trans/Forming Feminisms: Transfeminist Voices Speak Out'' edited by Krista Scott-Dixon, was published by Sumach Press. ==History== Early voices in the movement include Kate Bornstein〔 Bornstein, Kate (1994). "Gender Outlaw: On Men, Women, and the Rest of Us." ISBN 0-679-75701-5〕 and Sandy Stone, whose essay "The Empire Strikes Back" was a direct response to Janice Raymond's transphobic writings.〔 Stone, Sandy (1991). (The Empire Strikes Back: A Posttranssexual Manifesto ). In ''Body Guards: The Cultural Politics of Gender Ambiguity''.〕 In the 21st century, Krista Scott-Dixon〔 and Julia Serano have published transfeminist works. Transfeminism.org was created in 2000 to promote the Transfeminism Anthology Project by Diana Courvant and Emi Koyama. The site primarily devoted itself, however, to introducing the concept of transfeminism to academia and to finding and connecting people working on transfeminism projects and themes through an anthology of the same name. Koyama and Courvant sought other transfeminists and to increase their exposure. The anthology was intended to introduce the movement to a large audience. At a Yale event and in bios associated with it, Courvant's use of the word (as early as 1992) and involvement in Transfeminism.org, may have made her the term's inventor. Courvant credited Koyama's Internet savvy as the reason transfeminism.org and the word ''transfeminism'' got the recognition and attention that it did. Patrick Califia used the word in print in 1997, and this remains the first known use in print outside of a periodical. It is possible or even likely that the term was independently coined repeatedly before the year 2000 (or even before Courvant's first claimed use in 1992). The term gained traction only after 1999. Jessica Xavier, an acquaintance of Courvant, may have independently coined the term when she used it to introduce her articles, "Passing As Stigma Management" and "Passing as Privilege" in late 1999. Emi Koyama wrote a widely read "Transfeminist Manifesto"〔 around the time of the launch of the website that, with her active participation in academic discussions on the internet, helped spread the term. In the past few decades the idea that all women share a common experience has come under scrutiny by women of color, lesbians, and working class women, among others. Many Transgender and transsexual (together: ''trans,'' see Survivor Project link) people are also questioning what gender means, and are challenging gender as a biological fact. Transfeminists insist that their unique experiences be recognized as part of the feminist sphere. Transfeminism includes all major themes of third wave feminism, including diversity, body image, and women's agency. Transfeminism is not merely about merging trans concerns with feminism. It also includes critical analysis of second wave feminism from the perspective of the third wave. Like all feminisms, transfeminism critiques mainstream notions of masculinity and argues that women deserve equal rights. Lastly, transfeminism shares the unifying principle with other feminisms that gender is a patriarchal social construct used to oppress women. Therefore by many, the "trans" in transgender and transsexual has been used to imply transgressiveness.〔〔 See the subtitle of the trans community periodical "Chrysalis," which is "The Journal of Transgressive Gender Identities," transfeminism should not be seen as an anti-feminist movement〕 Nicholas Birns indeed defines transfeminism as 'a feminism that defines the term 'trans-' in a maximally heterogeneous way.〔https://books.google.com/books?id=YY0BpjV4vDYC&pg=PA161&dq=nicholas+birns+transfeminism+transnationalism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAGoVChMIvOvj7fyJxwIVwVoeCh3AgQot#v=onepage&q=transfeminism%20&f=false〕" The road to legitimacy for transfeminism as a concept has been quite different and more vexed than for other feminisms. Marginalized women of trans background and affect have had to prove that their needs are different and that mainstream feminism does not speak for them. Contrarily, trans women must show their womanhood is equally valid as that of other women, and that feminism can speak for them without ceasing to be feminism. Radical feminist Janice Raymond's resistance to considering trans people as women and as participants in feminism are representative of this obstacle. Her career began with ''The Transsexual Empire'' (a book-length dismissal of transsexual women) and she has often returned to similar efforts. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Transfeminism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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