|
Trap-neuter-return (TNR) is a program through which free-roaming cats (not belonging to particular humans)〔"'Community cat' is an umbrella definition that includes any un-owned cat. These cats may be 'feral' (un-socialized) or friendly, may have been born into the wild or may be lost or abandoned pet cats. Some community cats are routinely fed by one or more community members, while others survive without human intervention. Whatever a cat's individual circumstances, the term 'community cat' reflects the reality that for these cats, 'home' is within the community rather than in an individual household." Kate Hurley and Julie Levy, Maddie's Institute: ("Feline Shelter Intake Reduction Program FAQs" ), January 2013.〕 are humanely trapped; sterilized and medically treated; and returned to the outdoor locations where they were found. If those locations are deemed unsafe or otherwise inappropriate, feral cats (unsocialized to humans) are relocated to farmyard homes.〔for example, Kitsap Humane Society, Silverdale, WA, ("BARN CAT PROGRAM" ), accessed June 19, 2014.〕 Kittens still young enough to be socialized and friendly adult cats are typically placed in foster care for eventual adoption into homes as companion animals rather than returned to the outdoors.〔"Whenever possible, adoptable cats and kittens should be removed from a feral colony for placement in good homes." ("Neighborhood Cats TNR Handbook, 2nd edition: The Guide to Trap-Neuter-Return for the Feral Cat Caretaker" ), Bryan Kortis, Neighborhood Cats, 2013, p. 133.〕 Cats found suffering with terminal or untreatable illnesses or injuries are humanely euthanized.〔"At Neighbourhood Cats, we euthanize cats only if they are actively ill, suffering and terminal." Ibid., p. 124.〕 TNR is endorsed by the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) as "the most humane, effective and financially sustainable strategy for controlling free-roaming cat populations" 〔("Position Statement on Feral Cat Management" ), American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, accessed June 20, 2014,〕 and "the only proven humane and effective method to manage feral cat colonies."〔("Feral Cats FAQ" ), ASPCA, second paragraph, accessed June 20, 2014. Resources provided here on TNR and feral cats.〕 The Humane Society of the United States has also endorsed "community-based Trap-Neuter-Return (TNR) programs with on-going responsible management as the most viable, long-term approach available at this time to reduce feral cat populations."〔("HSUS Position Statement: Trap-Neuter-Return (TNR) ) Humane Society of United States, March 20, 2006. Many resources are offered on TNR:("What You Can Do To Help Feral Cats" ), Humane Society of the United States, July 3, 2013, accessed June 20, 2014.〕 The American Humane Association is another supporter of TNR.〔("American Humane Association: Animal Welfare Policy and Position Statements" ), p. 9, accessed July 17, 2014.〕 In Canada, the Canadian Federation of Humane Societies supports TNR, stating that the care of feral cats "is society's responsibility" as their wild nature is the result of human neglect.〔("Feral Cats" ), The Canadian Federation of Humane Societies, accessed June 23, 2014.〕 The U.K.'s Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) supports "trapping and neutering of feral cats where local charities have the capacity to do so."〔("Stray and Feral Cats" ), Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, accessed June 23, 2014.〕 Worldwide supporters include the World Animal Foundation, based in Oneida, Kentucky,〔("Trap-Neuter-Return: Saving Feral Cats" ), World Animal Foundation, accessed June 23, 2014〕 and the International Companion Animal Management Coalition.〔("Humane Cat Population Management Guidance" ), International Companion Animal Management Coalition, accessed July 19, 2014.〕 North American wildlife organizations including the American Bird Conservancy〔The American Bird Conservancy has an extensive "Cats indoors" campaign to educate the public about the risks free-roaming cats pose to wildlife and humans: ("Cats Indoors: Better for Cats. Better for Birds. Better for People." )〕 and The Wildlife Society〔("Problems with Trap-Neuter-Release" ), The Wildlife Society, updated Feb. 2011. See also ("Final Position Statement: Feral and Free-Ranging Domestic Cats" ), The Wildlife Society, "Approved by Council August 2011. Expires August 2016". The Wildlife Society is based in Bethesda, Maryland.〕 oppose TNR. They dispute its effectiveness at reducing feral cat populations,〔(Trap-Neuter-Return: The wrong solution to a tragic problem" ), American Bird Conservancy, accessed June 23, 2014.〕 and claim that free-roaming cats are responsible for much of the decline in bird populations over the last number of years, killing 1.4 to 3.7 billion birds annually in the U.S.〔("Free-Roaming Cats: A Conservation Crisis" ), American Bird Conservancy, accessed June 24, 2014.〕〔("That Cuddly Kitty Is Deadlier Than You Think" ), Natalie Angier, New York Times, January 29, 2013〕〔 Rather than TNR, they recommend that free-roaming cats be taken to local animal shelters.〔("What to do about unwanted cats in your yard" ), American Bird Conservancy, accessed June 23, 2014.〕 The Wildlife Society "support() and encourage() the humane elimination of feral cat populations, including feral cat colonies, through adoption into indoor-only homes of eligible cats and humane euthanasia of unadoptable cats."〔("Final Position Statement: Feral and Free-Ranging Domestic Cats" ), The Wildlife Society, "Approved by Council August 2011. Expires August 2016".〕 TNR advocates contradict scientific findings and counter that cat predation is inflated.〔 They point out that removing feral cats en masse can harm the environment and even birds;〔("Biology and Behavior of the Cat" ), Alley Cat Allies, has many links, includes "Understanding Ecosystems: Why Removing Cats is Worse for Everyone" which covers a variety of topics. See also this link for one example of possible benefits of feral cats to endangered wildlife: ("Feral cats help some endangered mammals survive, report says" ), Gabriel Popkin, The Sydney Morning Herald, August 29, 2013.〕 euthanizing healthy cats〔 is inhumane, and even more expensive for public officials than TNR;〔"TNR saves taxpayers money by reducing free-roaming cat populations which in most cases end up in municipal shelters and have to be euthanized", ("Community/Feral Cats: Trap/Neuter/Return: What it is and why it works" ), Best Friends Utah, accessed June 24, 2014; see also ("Free to Roam: A Small City's New Policy that Saves Feline Lives and Tax Payer Money" ), Maddie's Institute, May 2013. For savings involved in implementing TNR combined with other measures of no kill animal sheltering, see ("Dollars and Sense: The Economic Benefits of No Kill Animal Control" ), The No Kill Advocacy Center.〕 and research〔〔For a detailed response to a critique of TNR, see Peter J. Wolf, (Vox Felina, 2010, "Reassessment: A Closer Look at 'Critical Assessment of Claims Regarding Management of Feral Cats by Trap-Neuter-Return'" ).〕 and experience〔("Trap-Neuter-Return Effectively Stabilizes and Reduces Feral Cat Populations" ), Alley Cat Allies. Case studies of TNR programs from Chicago to San Francisco to Rome, Italy. Some colonies reduced to zero residents when the last remaining feral cat died (Washington, D.C. at age 17, Newburyport, MA at age 16).〕 of TNR shows that community cat populations indeed decline. In the U.K., The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds states that there is no evidence that cat predation "is having any impact on bird populations UK-wide".〔 TNR is sometimes described as trap-neuter-release, changing the last word of the acronym.〔for example, Joe Vaccarelli, ("Denver Animal Shelter partners up to help reduce feral cat population" ), The Denver Post, June 12, 2014〕 This wording appears to have been the first version of the TNR acronym.〔Ellen Perry Berkeley, "TNR: Past, Present and Future: A History of the Trap-Neuter-Return Movement" (Washington: Alley Cat Allies, 2004), p. 1〕 The word "return" emphasizes that most feral cats are returned to their original locations under this program, and is the word most in current use. Some programs also go by other acronyms: TNVR (trap-neuter-vaccinate-return) adds emphasis to the process of vaccinating the cats for diseases like rabies before their return to the outdoors.〔for example, Humane Society of Tampa Bay, ("TRAP / NEUTER / VACCINATE / RETURN (TNVR): What is TNVR?" ), accessed June 15, 2014. Note that at this link, the organization also used the term TNR to refer to the program: "In December 2011, Hillsborough County Commissioners passed a resolution recognizing Trap-Neuter-Return to better control community cat populations." and adding a link to a Youtube video, "Why TNR is better than trap and kill."〕 TNRM (trap-neuter-release-maintain) adds the word "maintain," emphasizing the final part of the program, where caregivers feed and monitor the feral cats after they are returned to their territories.〔Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Montreal, Quebec, ("Do you know about our TNRM program?" ), July 5, 2013, accessed June 15, 2014〕 TTVAR (trap-test-vaccinate-alter-release) adds details about testing undertaken for serious illnesses, but this acronym is not in wide usage.〔for example, National Pet Alliance ("NPA's TTVAR Program: Trap, Test, Vaccinate, Alter and Release" ), accessed June 15, 2014.〕 ==History== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Trap-neuter-return」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|