|
Trawniki men ((ドイツ語:Trawnikimänner)) were the Eastern European collaborators from the POW camps for the Red Army soldiers recruited in the border regions during Operation Barbarossa of 1941. These volunteers served with Nazi Germany in the General Government territory until the end of World War II. Trawnikis belonged to a category of "Hiwis" (German abbreviation for 'Hilfswilliger', lit. "those willing to help"), auxiliary forces recruited from the conquered nationals.〔 The German ''SS'' and police trained 2,500 Hiwi ''Wachmänner'' (guards) known as Trawniki men (''Trawnikimänner'') at a special Trawniki training camp between September 1941 and September 1942; for the total of 5,082 men before the end of 1944.〔 They were organized by Streibel into two ''SS Sonderdienst'' battalions. Some 1,000 Hiwis are known to have run away during field operations. Although the majority of Trawniki men or ''Hiwis'' came from among the prisoners of war, there were also ''Volksdeutsche'' from Eastern Europe among them,〔.〕 valued because of their ability to speak Ukrainian, Russian, Polish and other languages of the occupied territories. All the officers at Trawniki camp were ethnic Germans, and most of the squad commanders were ''Volksdeutsche''.〔 The conscripted civilians and former Soviet POWs included Ukrainians, Russians, Belarusians, Estonians, Latvians, Lithuanians, Tartars, Georgians, Armenians and Azerbaijanis.〔 The Trawnikis took major part in Operation Reinhard, the Nazi plan to exterminate Polish Jews. They also served at extermination camps and played an important role in the annihilation of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (see the Stroop Report) among others. ==Key role of Trawniki men in the Final Solution== In 1941 Himmler instructed Globocnik to start recruiting non-Polish auxiliaries (mainly Ukrainian), behind the Wehrmacht lines in Eastern Europe. The ethnic Poles would not serve knowing the purpose of training. For example, one conscripted Polish farm boy was lashed nearly to death in public for insubordination once he realized what was expected of him. He perished at Majdanek three months later.〔 Globocnik had selected Karl Streibel from Operation Reinhard as the key person for his new secret project. Streibel visited all POW camps for the Soviets in the vicinity with the assistance of his officers and after individual screening, would recruit Ukrainian, Latvian and Lithuanian volunteers as ordered. The Trawniki-men were assembled at a training facility adjacent to the Trawniki concentration camp for the Jews deported from the Warsaw Ghetto. The complex (serving dual purpose in 1941–43) was built in the village of Trawniki about southeast of Lublin with rail lines in all directions in the occupied territory. From there, the Hiwi shooters were deployed to all major killing sites of the Final Solution. It was their primary purpose of training. They took an active role in the extermination of Jews at Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka II, Warsaw (three times), Częstochowa, Lublin, Lvov, Radom, Kraków, Białystok (twice), Majdanek as well as Auschwitz, not to mention Trawniki concentration camp itself,〔 and the remaining subcamps of KL Lublin/Majdanek camp complex including Poniatowa, Budzyn, Kraśnik, Puławy, Lipowa, and also during massacres in Łomazy, Międzyrzec, Łuków, Radzyń, Parczew, Końskowola, Komarówka and all other locations, augmented by the ''SS'' and Schupo, as well as the Reserve Police Battalion 101 formation of ''Ordnungspolizei''. The German Order Police performed roundups inside the Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland shooting everyone unable to move or attempting to flee, while the Trawnikis conducted large-scale civilian massacres in the same locations.〔 Between 70 and 120 Trawniki ''Hiwi'' men were selected to act as the guard unit and the gas chambers operators at each of the Reinhard extermination camps. They came under the jurisdiction of the relevant camp commandant. Almost all of the Trawniki guards were involved in shooting, beating and terrorizing Jews.〔 The Russian historian Sergei Kudryashov, who made a study of the Trawniki men serving at death camps claimed that there was little sign of any attraction to National Socialism among them.〔 Most of the guards volunteered in order to leave the POW camps and/or because of self-interest.〔 This statement however, is contradicted by information provided by the Holocaust historian Christopher R. Browning (''Ordinary Men'') who wrote that ''Hiwis'' "were screened on the basis of their anti-Communist and hence almost invariably anti-Semitic sentiments." Despite the generally apathetic views of the Trawniki guards, the vast majority faithfully carried out the ''SS'' expectations in the mistreatment of Jews.〔 Most Trawniki men executed Jews already as part of their job training.〔 Following the lead of the American historian Christopher Browning in his 1992 book ''Ordinary Men'', Kudryashov argued that the Trawniki men were examples of how ordinary people could become willing killers.〔Sergei Kudryashov, “Ordinary Collaborators: The Case of the Travniki Guards” (in) ''Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy Essays in Honour of John Erickson'' edited by Mark and Ljubica Erickson, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004; pages 226-227 & 234-235.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Trawniki men」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|