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The Treveri or Treviri were a Belgic tribe who inhabited the lower valley of the Moselle from around 150 BCE, if not earlier,〔 until their eventual absorption into the Franks. Their domain lay within the southern fringes of the ''Silva Arduenna'' (Ardennes Forest), a part of the vast Silva Carbonaria, in what are now Luxembourg, southeastern Belgium and western Germany; its centre was the city of Trier (''Augusta Treverorum''), to which the Treveri give their name. Celtic in language, according to Tacitus they claimed Germanic descent.〔Tacitus writes, "The Treveri and Nervii are even eager in their claims of a German origin, thinking that the glory of this descent distinguishes them from the uniform level of Gallic effeminacy." ''Germania'' XXVIII.〕 Although early adopters of Roman material culture, the Treveri had a chequered relationship with Roman power. Their leader Indutiomarus led them in revolt against Julius Caesar during the Gallic Wars;〔Caesar, ''de Bello Gallico.''〕 much later, they played a key role in the Gaulish revolt during the Year of the Four Emperors.〔Tacitus, ''Histories.''〕 On the other hand, the Treveri supplied the Roman army with some of its most famous cavalry,〔 and the city of Augusta Treverorum was home for a time to the family of Germanicus, including the future emperor Gaius (Caligula).〔Tacitus, ''Annales'' I:40-41.〕 During the Crisis of the Third Century, the territory of the Treveri was overrun by Germanic Alamanni and Franks〔Metzler, p. 62.〕 and later formed part of the Gallic Empire. Under Constantine and his 4th-century successors, Augusta Treverorum became a large, favoured, rich and influential city that served as one of the capitals of the Roman Empire (together with Nicomedia (present-day İzmit, Turkey), Eburacum (present-day York, England), Mediolanum (present-day Milan, Italy) and Sirmium). During this period, Christianity began to succeed the imperial cult and the worship of Roman and Celtic deities as the favoured religion of the city. Such Christian luminaries as Ambrose, Jerome, Martin of Tours and Athanasius of Alexandria spent time in Augusta Treverorum.〔 Among the surviving legacies of the ancient Treveri are Moselle wine from Luxembourg and Germany (introduced during Roman times) and the many Roman monuments of Trier and its surroundings, including neighbouring Luxembourg.〔Camille Jullian remarks, "Seeing all these ruins, still superb today, one senses the supreme effort of the Roman world at the gates of barbarism" ''(A voir aujourd’hui toutes ces ruines encore superbes, on sent le suprême effort du monde romain à la porte de la barbarie)'', p. 296.〕 Three very important Roman roads for their role in transregional trade and military deployment capability went through the territory of the Treveri: * the first came from the south, connected ''Divodurum'' (Metz, France) and Ricciacus (Dalheim, Luxembourg) with Augusta Treverorum (Trier, Germany) and went further to the Rhine river in the northeast, the border of the Roman Empire * the second came from the southwest and connected Durocortorum (Reims, France) with Andethana (Niederanven, Luxembourg) and Augusta Treverorum * the third went through the Ardennes in present-day Belgium and Luxembourg and connected Durocortorum to the major city and garrison of Colonia Agrippinensis (Cologne/Köln, Germany) on the Rhine river. ==Name and etymology== The spelling variants ''Treveri'' and ''Treviri'' are found in Latin texts from the time of Caesar's ''De Bello Gallico'' to Tacitus's ''Annales''. Latin texts are in general agreement that the first vowel, however, is ''-e-''.〔George Long. ("Treveri". ) In William Smith (ed., 1854) ''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography''.〕 For their part, Ancient Greek texts mostly give ' (transliterated ''Trēouïroi)''.〔 Variants such as ''Treberi'' and '' (Tribēroi)'' appear in Pliny and Ptolemy, respectively. A few highly deviant variant forms are also attested: '' (Triēroi)'' in Ptolemy and '' (Trēousgroi)'' in Strabo. The name has been interpreted as referring to a "flowing river" or to "crossing the river".〔Alexander Falileyev (2006). ''(Draft Version of a Dictionary of Continental Celtic Place-Names. )''〕 Rudolf Thurneysen proposes to interpret it as a Celtic ''trē-uer-o'', followed by Xavier Delamarre〔Xavier Delamarre (2003), ''Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise'', éditions errance.〕 with the element ''trē'' < '' *trei'' 'through', 'across' (cf. Latin ''trans'') and ''uer-o'' 'to cross a river', so the name ''Treveri'' could mean 'the ferrymen', because these people helped to cross the Moselle river. They had a special goddess of the ford called ''Ritona'' and a temple dedicated to ''Uorioni Deo''. ''treuer-'' can be compared with the Old Irish ''treóir'' 'guiding, passage through a ford', 'place to cross a river'. The word ''uer-'' / ''uar-'' can be related to an indo-European word meaning 'stream', 'river' (Sanskrit ''vār'', Old Norse ''vari'' 'water'), that can be found in many river-names, especially in France : Var, Vire, Vière or in place-names like Louviers or Verviers, etc. The first syllable is shown long and stressed ''(Trēverī)'' in Latin dictionaries,〔''Collins Latin Dictionary Plus Grammar'' (1997). HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-472092-X. Perseus Word Study Tool. (Morphological Analyses for Inflected Latin Words ),〕 according to its Celtic etymology, thus giving the Classical Latin pronunciation (:ˈtreːwɛriː). The city of Trier (, Luxembourgish: ''Tréier'') derives its name from the later Latin locative ''in Trēverīs'' for earlier ''Augusta Treverorum''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Treveri」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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