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Tribeni is a small town in Hooghly in the state of West Bengal, India. It was an old holy place for the Hindus. The sanctity of the place has been recognized for many centuries and has been mentioned in Pavana-Dutam, a Sanskrit piece of the last quarter of the 12th century. The Muslims took it over during early phases of their conquest of Bengal. ==History & Geography== Tribeni is located at .〔(【引用サイトリンク】Yahoo maps location of Tribeni )〕 Tribeni is believed to get its name from the divergence of three rivers, Yamuna, Ganga and Saraswati. The probable earlier names were “Muktaveni”, which distinguished it from Prayag, Allahabad, known as Yuktaveni; “Terbonee” was spelled in James Rennell's map of Bengal in 1781. The River Saraswati surfaces from besides the famous Hindu cremate area, commonly known as ‘Shashan ghat’, towards south west into Saptagram. This leaves the river Ganges, variedly known as Hooghly or Bhagirathi to descend to the sea, along with another holy River, Yamuna engrossed in it. The Yamuna, commonly pronounced as Jamuna in Bengali, had earlier branched off from the Ganges towards south east, but the confluence has silted up with course of time. The town is on the western banks of the Ganges with no plateau or hills in its close vicinity and hosts one of the earliest surviving monuments of Muslim in West Bengal, Zafar Khan Gazi’s Mosque. The mosque bears an Arabic chronogram, 1298 though there remains evidence that suggests it was remodeled over time. The date is further corroborated by the fact that Tribeni along with nearby areas were occupied by Zafar Khan in 1267, after around 60 years from the conquest of Bengal. Its doorways have Hindu Vaishnavite sculptures inscribed which can be associated to the temple on which probably the mosque was built. Existing settlements in and around Tribeni, architecture of old structures and religious beliefs of people proves there were lesser European inhabitants in Tribeni as compared to areas from Bandel to Chandernagore, when Tribeni could have been of relative importance to Portuguese & French settlements in the Hooghly District, who presumably were looking to be benefitted by the possibility of trade across Saraswati River along with the Hooghly, more notably at the Saptagram port during 16th Century. Around 1536-37, the King of Bengal had given the Custom houses in Ugolim, today's Saptagram, along with Chittagong, the major port, to the Portuguese to set up trading centers, which ultimately extended their land occupation. Their settlement was highly abridged during the Mughal assault, where they appeared relatively ill-equipped for such an attack. For the same vulnerability of Mughal threats and the lack of available defense along with depleting trade prospects through Saraswati due to its drying up, Jobe Charnock, chief agent of East India Company in Hugli, along with his team decided to move more southwards to Sutanuti in 1690, where several local villages were inhabited by local merchants and a trading center was available, which later became part of Calcutta. Tribeni had also been a host to the British army during WWII in Nissen huts that can still be seen near Shibpur. Though these didn’t have much enduring impact on socio-economic state of affairs as it did in Bandel and Chandernagore, yet the town was revived by many Factories in the 20th century e.g., Jute mills, Thermal Power Station and Paper Factory for ITC as well as Tire and Rayon factories in its close vicinity. The town thus differentiated itself from its neighbors, which were relying more on agriculture due to the available fertile land, as an industrial belt. There is no absolute evidence of an old trading center or market place, though with the advent of industries newer market places came into existence. Post independence, the town has witnessed many economic ups and downs due to the economic changes in the industries it houses. The downfall of Jute mills across the Ganges post Partition of India, which had flourished during the late 19th Century and once unseated Scotland Jute mills at Dundee, preceded the economic drain from West Bengal and the Ganges Jute Mill at Tribeni was no exception. The annual demand for Indian Jute mills of 6 million raw Jute bales during 1947-48 mostly lay unfulfilled, due to 80% of the cultivable lands for Jute falling in East Pakistan now Bangladesh, and could only meet 1.7 million bales during that period. The following three five year plans by the Government of India helped increase the production but by then the foreign demand for Indian jute started to drop, which led the jute mills to limit production, if not stop it completely. There could be few reasons attributed to such a downfall, viz., the monopolistic structure and control of the industry and methods applied to increase profitability by restricting production so as to reduce the demand and price of raw jute, the paucity of funds post independence and lack of research and development, the cheaper alternatives available and sluggish Indian market to Jute products. The density of population, in 21st Century, is on a rise, and as such the communication has seen a growth, both in railways as well as in postal services among others; Internet, Computers and mobile phones have entered Tribeni in late 20th century, parallel to other towns in Hooghly. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tribeni」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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