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A tribe is viewed, historically or developmentally, as a social group existing before the development of, or outside of, states. A tribe is a distinct people, dependent on their land for their livelihood, who are largely self-sufficient, and not integrated into the national society. It is perhaps the term most readily understood and used by the general public. Stephen Corry, director of Survival International, the world's only organisation dedicated to indigenous rights, has defined tribal people as "those which have followed ways of life for many generations that are largely self-sufficient, and are clearly different from the mainstream and dominant society".〔http://www.amazon.co.uk/Tribal-peoples-tomorrows-world-Stephen/dp/1447424131〕 This definition, however, would not apply in countries in the Middle East such as Iraq, where the entire population is a member of one tribe or another and therefore tribalism itself is dominant and mainstream. There are an estimated one hundred and fifty million tribal individuals worldwide,〔http://www.survivalinternational.org/info/terminology〕 constituting around forty percent of indigenous individuals. However, although nearly all tribal people are also indigenous, there are some who are not indigenous to the areas where they live now. It is important to make the distinction between tribal and indigenous because tribal peoples have a special status acknowledged in international law as well as problems in addition to those faced by the wider category of indigenous peoples. Many people used the term "tribal society" to refer to societies organized largely on the basis of social, especially familial, descent groups (see clan and kinship). A customary tribe in these terms is a face-to-face community, relatively bound by kinship relations, reciprocal exchange, and strong ties to place. "Tribe" is a contested term due to its roots in colonialism. The word has no shared referent, whether in political form, kinship relations or shared culture. Some argue that it conveys a negative connotation of a timeless unchanging past.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=IC Publications | Opinions )〕 To avoid these implications, some have chosen to use the terms "ethnic group", or nation instead.〔〔〔 In some places, such as North America and India, tribes are polities that have been granted legal recognition and limited autonomy by the state. == Etymology == The English word ''tribe'' occurs in 12th-century Middle English literature as referring to one of the twelve tribes of Israel. The word is from Old French ''tribu'', in turn from Latin ''tribus'', referring to the original tripartite ethnic division of the Ancient Roman state: Ramnes (''Ramnenses''), Tities (''Titienses''), and ''Luceres'', corresponding, according to Marcus Terentius Varro, to the Latins, Sabines, and Etruscans, respectively. The Ramnes were named after Romulus, leader of the Latins, Tities after Titus Tatius, leader of the Sabines, and Luceres after Lucumo, leader of an Etruscan army that had assisted the Latins. According to Livy, the three tribes were in fact squadrons of knights, rather than ethnic divisions. The term's ultimate etymology is uncertain, perhaps from the Proto-Indo-European roots ''tri-'' ("three") and ''bhew'' ("to be"). Gregory Nagy, in ''Greek Mythology and Poetics'', says, citing the linguist Émile Benveniste in his ''Origines de la formation des noms en indo-européen'', that the Umbrian "trifu" (tribus) is apparently derived from a combination of *tri- and *bhu-, where the second element is cognate with the 'phu-' of Greek ''phule'', and that this subdivided the Greek polis into three phulai. In 242–240 BC, the Tribal Assembly (''comitia tributa'') in the Roman Republic was organized in 35 tribes (four "urban tribes" and 31 "rural tribes"). The Latin word as used in the Bible translates as Greek ''phyle'' "race, tribe, clan" and ultimately the Hebrew or "sceptre". In the historical sense, "tribe", "race" and "clan" can be used interchangeably. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tribe」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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