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Harlequin (; (イタリア語:Arlecchino) (:arlekˈkiːno), (フランス語:Arlequin) (:aʁləkɛ̃), Old French ''Harlequin'') is the best-known of the ''zanni'' or comic servant characters from the Italian ''Commedia dell'arte''. Traditionally believed to have been introduced by Zan Ganassa in the late 16th century,〔Duchartre 1929, p. 82; Laurence Senelick in Banham 1995, "Harlequin" p. 472; Rudlin & Crick 2001, pp. 12–13.〕 the role was definitively popularized by the Italian actor Tristano Martinelli in Paris in 1584–1585〔Andrews 2008, p. liv, note 32, citing Ferrone, Henke, and Gambelli.〕 and became a stock character after Martinelli's death in 1630. The Harlequin is characterized by his chequered costume. His role is that of a light-hearted, nimble and astute servant, often acting to thwart the plans of his master, and pursuing his own love interest, Colombina, with wit and resourcefulness, often competing with the sterner and melancholic Pierrot. He later develops into a prototype of the romantic hero. Harlequin inherits his physical agility and his trickster qualities, as well as his name, from a mischievous "devil" character in medieval passion plays. The Harlequin character came to England early in the 17th century and took center stage in the derived genre of the Harlequinade, developed in the early 18th century by John Rich.〔 As the Harlequinade portion of English dramatic genre pantomime developed, Harlequin was routinely paired with the character Clown. As developed by Joseph Grimaldi around 1800, Clown became the mischievous and brutish foil for the more sophisticated Harlequin, who became more of a romantic character. The most influential such pair in Victorian England were the Payne Brothers, active during the 1860s and 1870s. ==Name== The name Harlequin is taken from that of a mischievous "devil" or "demon" character in popular French passion plays. It originates with an Old French term ''herlequin'', ''hellequin'', first attested in the 11th century, by the chronicler Orderic Vitalis, who recounts a story of a monk who was pursued by a troop of demons when wandering on the coast of Normandy at night.〔Ecclesiastical History Book VIII Chapter 17〕 These demons were led by a masked, club-wielding giant and they were known as ''familia herlequin'' (var. ''familia herlethingi''). This medieval French version of the Germanic Wild Hunt, ''Mesnée d'Hellequin'', has been connected to the English figure of ''Herla cyning'' ("host-king"; German Erlkönig).〔first suggested by Martin Rühlemann, ''Etymologie des wortes harlequin und verwandter wörter'' (1912). See also Normand R. Cartier, ''Le Bossu désenchanté: Étude sur le Jeu da la Feuillée'', Librairie Droz, 1971, (p. 132 ).〕 Hellequin was depicted a black-faced emissary of the devil, roaming the countryside with a group of demons chasing the damned souls of evil people to Hell. The physical appearance of Hellequin offers an explanation for the traditional colours of Harlequin's red-and-black mask.〔Grantham, B., ''Playing Commedia, A Training Guide to Commedia Techniques'', (Nick Hern Books) London, 2000〕 The first known appearance on stage of Hellequin is dated to 1262, the character of a masked and hooded devil in ''Jeu da la Feuillière'' by Adam de la Halle, and it became a stock character in French passion plays.〔Lea 1934, p. 75.〕 The name also appears as that of a devil, as ''Alichino'', in Dante's ''Inferno'' (cantos 21 to 23).〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=harlequin - Definitions from Dictionary.com )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Harlequin」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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