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A trumpet is a musical instrument. It has the highest register in the brass family. As a signaling device in battle or hunting, trumpets have a very long history, dating back to at least 1500 BC; they have been used as musical instruments since the 15th century.〔 〕 Trumpets are used in art music styles, where they are an instrument in the orchestra and in concert bands, and in popular music styles such as jazz. They are played by blowing air through almost-closed lips, producing a "buzzing" sound that starts a standing wave vibration in the air column inside the instrument. Since the late 15th century they have primarily been constructed of brass tubing, usually bent twice into a rounded oblong shape. There are several types of trumpet. The most common is a transposing instrument pitched in B with a tubing length of about . Earlier trumpets did not have valves, but modern instruments generally have either three piston valves or, more rarely, three rotary valves. The use of rotary valve trumpets is more commonly seen in European countries, particularly Germany and Austria. Each valve increases the length of tubing when engaged, thereby lowering the pitch. A musician who plays the trumpet is called a ''trumpet player'' or ''trumpeter''. ==History== (詳細はTutankhamun's grave in Egypt, bronze lurs from Scandinavia, and metal trumpets from China date back to this period.〔Edward Tarr, ''The Trumpet'' (Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press, 1988), 20-30.〕 Trumpets from the Oxus civilization (3rd millennium BC) of Central Asia have decorated swellings in the middle, yet are made out of one sheet of metal, which is considered a technical wonder.〔"Trumpet with a swelling decorated with a human head," (''Musée du Louvre'' )〕 The Moche people of ancient Peru depicted trumpets in their art going back to 300 AD.〔Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. ''The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera.'' New York: Thames and Hudson, 1997.〕 The earliest trumpets were signaling instruments used for military or religious purposes, rather than music in the modern sense;〔 〕 and the modern bugle continues this signaling tradition. In medieval times, trumpet playing was a guarded craft, its instruction occurring only within highly selective guilds. The trumpet players were often among the most heavily guarded members of a troop, as they were relied upon to relay instructions to other sections of the army. Improvements to instrument design and metal making in the late Middle Ages and Renaissance led to an increased usefulness of the trumpet as a musical instrument. The natural trumpets of this era consisted of a single coiled tube without valves and therefore could only produce the notes of a single overtone series. Changing keys required the player to change crooks of the instrument. The development of the upper, "clarino" register by specialist trumpeters—notably Cesare Bendinelli—would lend itself well to the Baroque era, also known as the "Golden Age of the natural trumpet." During this period, a vast body of music was written for virtuoso trumpeters. The art was revived in the mid-20th century and natural trumpet playing is again a thriving art around the world. Many modern players who perform Baroque music use a version of the natural trumpet dubbed the baroque trumpet, which is fitted with one or more vent holes to aid in correcting out-of-tune notes in the harmonic series. Most professional orchestra trumpeters use a valved trumpet. The melody-dominated homophony of the classical and romantic periods relegated the trumpet to a secondary role by most major composers owing to the limitations of the natural trumpet. Berlioz wrote in 1844:
The attempt to give the trumpet more chromatic freedom in its range saw the development of the keyed trumpet, but this was a largely unsuccessful venture due to the poor quality of its sound. Although the impetus for a tubular valve began as early as 1793, it was not until 1818 that Friedrich Bluhmel and Heinrich Stölzel made a joint patent application for the box valve as manufactured by W. Schuster. The symphonies of Mozart, Beethoven, and as late as Brahms, were still played on natural trumpets. Crooks and shanks (removable tubing of various lengths) as opposed to keys or valves were standard, notably in France, into the first part of the 20th century. As a consequence of this late development of the instrument's chromatic ability, the repertoire for the instrument is relatively small compared to other instruments. The 20th century saw an explosion in the amount and variety of music written for the trumpet. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Trumpet」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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