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Tsarina or czarina ((ブルガリア語:царица); (ロシア語:царица), ''Tsaritsa'', formerly ''czaritsa'') is the title of a female autocratic ruler (monarch) of Bulgaria or Russia, or the title of a tsar's wife. The English spelling is derived from the German ''czarin'' or ''zarin'', in the same way as the French ''tsarine''/''czarine'', and the Spanish and Italian ''czarina''/''zarina''. For tsar's daughters see tsarevna. "Tsarina" was the title of the female supreme ruler in the following states: *Bulgaria: in 913–1018, in 1185–1422 and in 1908–1946 *Serbia: in 1346–1371 *Russia: officially from about 1547 until 1721, unofficially in 1721–1917 (officially "Empresses"). ==Russia== Since 1721, the official titles of the Russian male and female monarchs were Emperor ((ロシア語:император), ''imperator'') and Empress ((ロシア語:императрица), ''imperatritsa''), respectively, or Empress Consort. Officially the last Russian tsarina was Eudoxia Lopukhina, Peter the Great's first wife. Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse), the wife of Nicholas II of Russia, was the last Russian Empress. Eudoxia Lopukhina was sent to monastery in 1698 ("divorce"), and died in 1731. In 1712 Peter married in church Catherine I of Russia. The Russian Empire was officially proclaimed in 1721, and Catherine become Empress by marriage. After Peter's death she became ruling Empress by her own right. In following centuries the title "tsarina" was in unofficial informal use - a kind of "pet name" for Empresses - ruling queens〔Several "tsarinas" in the 18th century were the rulers of Russia, including empresses Catherine I (reigned 1725–27), Anna (1730–40), Elizabeth (1741–62), and Catherine the Great (1762–96).〕 and queen-consorts. ("Mother dear-tsarina" (матушка-царица) was only Catherine the Great, most popular). For a list of Russian empresses in the 18th and 19th centuries see Empress of Russia. De jure tsarinas in Russia existed from 1547 until 1721. Among the most famous tsarinas of this period were six or seven wives of Ivan the Terrible, who were poisoned by his enemies, killed or imprisoned by him in a monasteries. However, only the first four of them were "crowned" tsarinas, as the later marriages were not blessed with the Orthodox Church and considered as cohabitation. Polish noblewoman Marina Mnishek also became tsarina of Russia by her marriage to an impostor False Dmitry I and later with the False Dmitri II. Many wives were chosen by Bride-show (the custom of beauty pageant, borrowed from the Byzantine Empire), when hundreds of poor but handsome noblewomen gathered in Moscow from all the regions of Russia, and the tsar chose the most beautiful. This deprived Russia of the benefits of royal intermarriage with European monarchs, but protected from inbreeding and degeneration, and also from the political influence of foreign princesses (Catholic or Protestant). The only foreign wife of a Russian tsar (except Mnishek) was Maria Temryukovna, Circassian princess, who converted in Orthodoxy. Ivan Zabelin's book "The Domestic Life of Russian Tsarinas" (1872) in detail describes the subject. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tsarina」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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