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Tsarong Dazang Dramdul (; ) commonly known simply as Tsarong or by his title Tsarong Dzasa, born Namgang (1888–1959) was a Tibetan diplomat, military figure, economist, civil engineer and close aide of the 13th Dalai Lama. He was an important figure in the early twentieth century conflict with the Chinese and was active in protecting Tibet militarily as the Commander in Chief of Tibet. Eager to accelerate economic progression and pursue the modernisation of Tibet, Tsarong believed that the old order in Tibet had to be broken by hierarchical reforms to prepare the way for a more modern society which would be compatible with the outside world. In his efforts to build up Tibet's defense systems and relations with European powers as well as to facilitate trade and strengthen the Tibetan currency, he made a series of diplomatic visits to British India. His diplomatic skills came to see him regarded by the British as being, "the most powerful friend of His Majesty's Government in Tibet"〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Tsarong Dzasa )〕 Eventually captured by the Chinese in March 1959, dying later in a prison in Lhasa, today Tsarong Dzasa is considered one of the most important figures in 20th-century Tibet. == Growth of a military leader: 1888–1913 == Namgang Dazang Damdu was born into a peasant family in Phenpo, north of Lhasa in 1888 according to the Tibet Museum (other sources suggest 1885).〔〔 As a child he demonstrated an unusually high level of intelligence and advanced abilities. In 1900, he was recognised by Khangnyi Jipa, a monk who served as an official of the Norbulingka palace and took on Namgang as his pupil at the age of twelve, considered very young at the time.〔 Within a short amount of time he was employed in the personal service of His Holiness, the 13th Dalai Lama. Namgang accompanied the Dalai Lama in his trip to Mongolia in 1903 and from then on became his closest servant.〔 The Dalai Lama grew increasingly fond of Namgang during the first decade of the 20th century. He was said to greatly admire the dedication and hard work that Namgang contributed in his service and became one of his favourites. The Dalai Lama compassionately named him ‘Chensel’ Nangang; ‘Chensel’ literally meaning ‘visible to the eyes’, because Namgang was constantly in his presence.〔 As the Dalai Lama grew in trust of Namgang and his abilities, he became increasingly important not only as a servant but as an adviser. In April 1908, for instance, he was entrusted to sign the Trade Regulations in Calcutta on behalf of the Tibetan Government.〔 Namgang played an important role in the pre-Xinhai Revolution defense against the Qing.〔 When in March 1910, the 13th Dalai Lama fled into exile to British India, Namgang remained behind at Chaksam Ferry with an army of Tibetan soldiers, and resisted the Qing troops who were attempting to thwart the passage of the Dalai Lama to India.〔 The Qing suffered a humiliating defeat as well as a significant number of casualties and his success in the battle and protection of the spiritual leader and country won him notable acclaim in the eyes of many Tibetans who referred to him as the ‘Hero of Chaksam’.〔 Shortly afterwards he guided the Dalai Lama to India and resided with him in Darjeeling for well over a year. In the autumn of 1911 he was sent by the Dalai Lama to Shigatse, forcing the Qing garrison to surrender their arms and ammunitions and leave.〔 While in India, in early 1912, the Dalai Lama appointed Namgang as the official Commander-in-Chief of Tibet, awarding him the title of Dzasa. He would soon take the other name, Tsarong, in July 1913 from his marriage to the eldest daughter of the late Kalon Tsarong Shap-pe whose prestigious title, "Shap-pe" and state entitlements he inherited. Early in 1912, after his appointment as commander, Tsarong was sent to Lhasa to work in close cooperation with the War Department established by the officials of the Tibetan government, Trimon and Chamba Tendar. In Lhasa they formulated and co-ordinated a revolt against the Qing forces, which had become increasingly weak in Tibet following the collapse of the Manchu Qing dynasty and the ongoing Chinese revolution. The Qing army lacked supplies and reinforcements and were forced to surrender on 12 August 1912 after force from an army led by Tsarong.〔 Following victory, the Dalai Lama returned from exile, declaring the Independence of Tibet in early 1913. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tsarong」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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