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In the second economy of the Soviet Union a tsekhovik ((ロシア語:цеховик), plural: цеховики, thekhoviki) was an owner and operator of a illegal, underground factory. The manufactured goods were distributed via black market.〔 Stephen Handelman, ''Comrade Criminal: Russia's New Mafiya'', 1995, ISBN 0300063865, "Glossary"〕 〔(p. 114 )〕The term derives from the word "tsekh" (цех), a factory shop. With the exception of petty handicraftsmanship, any larger scale manufacturing was illegal in late Soviet Union. The operation of ''tsekhoviks'' was based on the widespread consumer goods in the Soviet Union produced by legal planned economy of the country. ''Tsekhoviks'' had well-established connections both with corrupted officials and with criminal world, both for the safety and efficiency of the operation.〔Felia Allum, Stan Gilmour, ''Routledge Handbook of Transnational Organized Crime'', 2012, ISBN 1135424578, (pp. 115-116 )〕 A notable criminal case resulted from "Operation 'Cartel'" carried out by KGB, which uncovered a major Soviet fur mafia operating several illegal furrier factories in Kazakh SSR. It ended in prosecution of some 500 people, with 3 bosses receiving death sentence.〔Martin Mccauley, ''The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union'', ISBN 1317867831, 2014, (pp. 374-375 )〕 Withe the beginning of ''perestroika'', which, among other things, allowed private enterprise, many former ''tsekhovik''s suddenly became wealthy, respectable entrepreneurs, known as "new Russians". At the same time the growth of criminal enterprise continued well into the history of modern Russia, 〔 the driving force being increased profit via tax evasion and violation of various health, safety, etc., codes. ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tsekhovik」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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