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Tselovalnik ((ロシア語:целовальник), literally, "kisser", actually "sworn man"), was a common term for various officials in Muscovy elected by ''zemshchina'' (the population, as opposed to the tsardom's state apparatus) in ''uyezds'' and ''posads'' in various judicial, financial and police functions.〔 ''Brockhaus & Efron'' cites the following sources: * , «Организация прямого обложения» * , «Спорные вопросы финансовой истории Московского государства» * , «Областные учреждения в XVII веке» * , «История местного управления в России» * , «Русские юридические древности» 〕 The term is a contraction of the expression ''krestny tselovalnik'', "the one who kissed the cross", in reference to the sworn oath accompanied with the kissing of the Holy Cross. The history of this institution has two periods: before and after the Time of Troubles (early 17th century). During the former period tselovalniks acted independently, and afterwards they served under the ''voivodes'' and the officials of various ''prikazes''.〔 The term was first mentioned in the ''Sudebnik'' of 1497 and later in the statutory charters of Novgorod of Vasili III of Russia.〔 Nowadays, usage of the term often refers to its 19th century meaning: under the Russian state alcohol monopoly, vodka sellers in taverns were commonly called ''tselovalniks'' because they gave a cross-kissing oath not to dilute vodka supplied from state-controlled distilleries and to sell it according to the demand. ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tselovalnik」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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