|
Tukaram was a 17th-century poet-saint of the Bhakti movement in Maharashtra.〔〔 He was part of the egalitarian, personalized Varkari devotionalism tradition.〔 Tukaram is known for his Abhanga devotional poetry and community-oriented worship with spiritual songs known as kirtans.〔Anna Schultz (2012), Singing a Hindu Nation: Marathi Devotional Performance and Nationalism, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0199730834, page 26〕 His poetry was devoted to Vitthala or Vithoba, an avatar of Hindu god Vishnu.〔 He is also referred to as Saint Tukaram, Bhakta Tukaram, Tukaram Maharaj, Tukoba and Tukobaraya.〔Maxine Bernsten (1988), The Experience of Hinduism: Essays on Religion in Maharashtra, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0887066627, pages 248-249〕 == Biography == The year of birth and death of Tukaram has been a subject of research and dispute among 20th-century scholars.〔RD Ranade (1994), Tukaram, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791420928, pages 1-7〕〔Richard M. Eaton (2005), A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761: Eight Indian Lives, Cambirdge University Press, ISBN 978-0521716277, pages 129-130〕 He was either born in the year 1598 or 1608 in a village named Dehu, near Puṇe in Mahārāshtra, India.〔〔 Tukaram was born to Kanakar and Bolhoba More, and scholars〔〔 consider his family to belong to the Kunbi (Shudra) caste. Despite being from a caste traditionally believed to be the laborers and tilling service providers, Tukaram's family owned a retailing and money-lending business as well as were engaged in agriculture and trade.〔〔 His parents were devotees of Vithoba, an avatar of Hindu deity Vishnu (Vaishnavas). Both his parents died when Tukaram was a teenager.〔 Tukaram's first wife was ''Rakhama Bai'', and they had a son named ''Santu''.〔RD Ranade (1994), Tukaram, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791420928, pages 7-9〕 However, both his son and wife starved to death in the famine of 1630-1632.〔〔SG Tulpule (1992), Devotional Literature in South Asia (Editor: RS McGregor), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0521413114, pages 150-152〕 The deaths and widespread poverty had a profound effect on Tukaram, who became contemplative, meditating on the hills of Sahyadri range (Western Ghats) in Maharashtra, and later wrote he "had discussions with my own self".〔〔 Tukaram married again, and his second wife was ''Avalai Jija Bai''.〔〔 He spent most of his later years in devotional worship, community kirtans (group prayers with singing) and composing Abhanga poetry.〔〔 According to Ranade, Tukaram's spiritual teacher was ''Babaji Chaitanya'', who himself was fourth generation disciple of the 13th-century scholar ''Jnanadeva''.〔Eleanor Zelliot (1976), Hinduism: New Essays in the History of Religions (Editor: Bardwell L Smith), Brill Academic, ISBN 978-9004044951, pages 154-156〕 In his work of ''Abhangas'', Tukarama repeatedly refers to four other persons who had a primary influence on his spiritual development, namely the earlier Bhakti sants ''Namdev'', ''Jnanadeva'', ''Kabir'' and ''Eknath''.〔RD Ranade (1994), Tukaram, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791420928, pages 10-12〕 According to some scholars, Tukaram met Shivaji – a major political leader who resisted the Mughal Empire and founded the Maratha kingdom; Tukaram introduced Shivaji to ''Ramdas'' for his spiritual education.〔〔〔 Their continued interaction is the subject of legends.〔Justin Edwards Abbott (2000), Life of Tukaram, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120801707, page 320〕〔SG Tulpule (1992), Devotional Literature in South Asia (Editor: RS McGregor), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0521413114, pages 158-163〕 Eleanor Zelliot states Bhakti movement poets including Tukaram were influential in Shivaji's rise to power.〔 Tukaram died in 1649 or 1650.〔〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tukaram」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|