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Turan
Tūrān (Persian ) literally means "the land of the Tur", and is a region in Central Asia. The term is of Persian origin〔Emeri "van" Donzel, ''Islamic Reference Desk'', Brill Academic Publishers, 1994. pg 461. Actual Quote: ''Iranian term applied to region lying to the northeast of Iran and ultimately indicating very vaguely the country of the Turkic peoples.''〕 and may refer to a certain prehistoric human settlement, a historic geographical region, or a culture. The original Turanians were an Iranian〔Edward A Allworth,''Central Asia: A Historical Overview'', Duke University Press, 1994. pp 86〕〔I. M. Diakonoff, ''The Paths of History'', Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. 100: "Turan was one of the nomadic Iranian tribes mentioned in the ''Avesta''. However, in Firdousi’s poem, and in the later Iranian tradition generally, the term Turan is perceived as denoting 'lands inhabited by Turkic speaking tribes.'"〕〔According to Prof. Gherardo Gnoli: "Iranian tribes that also keep on recurring in the Yasht, Airyas, Tuiryas, Sairimas, Sainus and Dahis". G. Gnoli, ''Zoroaster's time and homeland'', Naples 1980〕 tribe of the Avestan age.
==Overview==
As a people, the "Turanian" are one of the two Iranian peoples both descending from the Persian Fereydun but with different domains and often at war with each other.〔E. Yarshater, (), ''Encyclopaedia Iranica''.〕〔K. H. Menges, in (Encyclopaedia Iranica ) Excerpt: "In a series of relatively minor movements, Turkic groups began to occupy territories in western Central Asia and eastern Europe which had previously been held by Iranians (i.e., Turan). The Volga Bulgars, following the Avars, proceeded to the Volga and Ukraine in the 6th–7th centuries."〕 In fact according to the ''Shahnameh's'' account, at least 1,500 years later after the ''Avesta'', the nomadic tribes who inhabited these lands were ruled by Tūr, who was the emperor Fereydun's elder son. The association with Turks is also primarily based on the ''Shahnameh's'' geographical account where Turkification of Central Asia was partially completed during that time.〔(Firdawsi, "The Epic of Kings", translated by Helen Zimmern, eBooks@Adelaide 2004 )〕
Tur/Turaj (Tuzh in Middle Persian)〔Dehkhoda dictionary: Turaj〕 is the son of emperor Fereydun in ancient Iranian mythology. In the ''Shahnameh'', he is identified with the Turks;〔Edgar Burke Inlow. ''Shahanshah: A Study of the Monarchy of Iran'', Motilal Banarsidass Pub, 1979. pg 17: "Faridun divided his vast empire between his three sons, Iraj, the youngest receiving Iran. After his murder by his brothers and the avenging Manuchihr, one would have thought the matter was ended. But, the fraternal strife went on between the descendants of Tur and Selim (Salm) and those of Iraj. The former – the Turanians – were the Turks or Tatars of Central Asia, seeking access to Iran. The descendants of Iraj were the resisting Iranians.〕 however, culturally there is no relationship between Turanians of the ''Shahnameh'' and the culture of ancient Turks according to C.E. Boseworth.〔http://www.medievalists.net/2009/01/04/barbarian-incursions-the-coming-of-the-turks-into-the-islamic-world/ Bosworth, C. E. "Barbarian Incursions: The Coming of the Turks into the Islamic World." In ''Islamic Civilization'', Edited by D. S. Richards. Oxford, 1973. pg 2: "Hence as Kowalski has pointed out, a Turkologist seeking for information in the Shahnama on the primitive culture of the Turks would definitely be disappointed."〕
Turan comprised five sub regions: Southern Turkmenia, the Atrak Valley, the Eastern Elburz Mountains, the Helmand Valley, and Bactria and Margiana.
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