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Turbo-diesel, also written as turbodiesel and turbo diesel refers to any diesel engine equipped with a turbocharger. Turbocharging is common in modern car and truck diesel engines to produce higher power outputs, lower emissions levels, and improved efficiency from a similar capacity of engine.〔Power for the Future, Dan McCosh. Popular Science Oct 1993〕 Turbo-diesels in automobiles offer a higher refinement level than their naturally aspirated counterparts.〔Motoring with David Tomlinson. Country life, Volume 186. S.n, 1992〕 ==History== The turbocharger was invented in the early 20th century by Alfred Büchi, a Swiss engineer and the head of diesel engine research at Gebruder Sulzer engine manufacturing company in Winterthur. Büchi specifically intended his device to be used on diesel engines. His patent of 1905 noted the efficiency improvements that a turbocharger could bring to diesel engines 〔Porsche Turbo: The Full History. Peter Vann. MotorBooks International, 11 Jul 2004〕〔Compressor Performance: Aerodynamics for the User. M. Theodore Gresh. Newnes, 29 Mar 2001〕〔Diesel and gas turbine progress, Volume 26. Diesel Engines, inc., 1960〕 which in 1922 had first been developed for use in road transportation.〔How It Works: Science and Technology, Volume 9 Marshall Cavendish Corporation 0 Reviews Marshall Cavendish, 2003〕 At the time, metal and bearing technology was not sufficiently advanced to allow a practical turbocharger to be built. The first practical turbodiesels were marine engines fitted to two German passenger liners - the ''Danzig'' and the ''Preussen'' in 1923, each having two 10-cylinder engines of 2,500 horsepower (the naturally aspirated version of the same engine produced 1,750 HP). By the late 1920s, several diesel engine builders were making large turbodiesels for marine and stationary use, such as Sulzer Bros., MAN, Daimler-Benz, and Paxman.〔Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering International, Volume 56. Whitehall Press, 1933〕〔The New illustrated science and invention encyclopedia: how it works, Volume 6. Donald Clarke, Mark Dartford. H.S. Stuttman, 1994〕 Turbocharger technology was improved greatly by developments during World War II and subsequent development of the gas turbine. It was now possible to use smaller turbochargers on smaller, higher-speed engines. Diesel locomotives with turbodiesels began appearing in the late 1940s and 1950s.〔Illustrated Encyclopedia of World Railway Locomotives, P. Ransome-Wallis, Courier Dover Publications, 9 Mar 2001〕〔The Model Railroader's Guide to Diesel Locomotives, Jeff Wilson, Kalmbach Publishing, Co., 1 Dec 2009〕 In 1951 MAN presented a turbocharged version of their MK26 truck, although it was never put into mass production.〔("150 Years Rudolf Diesel" ) MAN Nutzfahrzeuge〕 Series production of turbocharged diesel trucks commenced in 1954, when both MAN 750TL1 and Volvo Titan Turbo were introduced to the markets.〔Trucks. John Tipler. Book Sales, 1 Aug 1999〕 The building of the Interstate Highway System in the USA from 1956 made long-distance road transportation of goods more attractive. To keep up with general traffic, more powerful engines came in increasing demand. Cummins, Detroit, and CAT all had turbo-charging as an option by the late-1960s. In Europe, legislation was introduced in Germany mandating a minimum power-to-weight ratio for trucks; by the late 1960s, a 38-tonne consist had to have at least 304 hp.〔The Commercial motor, Volume 133. Temple Press Ltd., 1971〕 Most manufacturers met these requirement with large-displacement natural aspiration engines, some with the option of large-displacement or turbo-charging, while Scania and Volvo where among those that only provided turbocharged trucks that met the demands. Turbo-charging was not preferred initially as the engines were perceived to be less reliable, however the method won a decisive victory by the mid-1970s as the 1973 oil crisis increased fuel costs. The last market to see the absolute penetration of turbo diesels was Japan, where legislation on particle emissions effectively mandated natural aspiration engines until effective particle filters became available. Experiments with smaller turbodiesels of a size suitable for an automobile were carried out in the 1960s. The Rover Company (already a builder of industrial gas turbines) built experimental 2.5 liter 4-cylinder turbodiesels (including versions with an intercooler) in 1963, but did not put the design into production. The first turbodiesel production car was the Mercedes-Benz 300SD (series W116, engine OM617.950), introduced in May 1978.〔Popular Science Jan 1979〕 It used a Garrett AiResearch turbocharger, and was produced only for the United States. In Europe, the first turbodiesel was the Peugeot 604 in early 1979 (model year 1978). Turbodiesel cars began to be widely built and sold in Europe during the late 1980s and early 1990s, a trend that has continued to the present day.〔Mercedes-Benz unveils a new kind of performance automobile: the turbodiesel 300 SD Sedan, The Rotarian Aug 1978〕〔Sport Compact Turbos & Blowers. Joe Pettitt. CarTech Inc, 13 May 2005〕 In France, due to a tax structure which gave turbodiesels a comparative advantage, sales shot up earlier, reaching 33,000 passenger car sales in 1983 (1.6 percent of the overall market). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Turbo-diesel」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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