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Turkestan, also spelt as ''Turkistan'', literally means "Land of the Turks". ==Etymology and terminology == Of Persian origin, the term "Turkestan" (ترکستان) has never referred to a single national state.〔Gladys D. Clewell, Holland Thompson, Lands and peoples: the world in color: Volume 3, page 163. Excerpt: Never a single nation, the name Turkestan means simply the place of Turkish peoples.〕 Persian geographers first used the word to describe the place of Turkish peoples.〔Central Asian review by Central Asian Research Centre (London, England), St. Antony's College (University of Oxford). Soviet Affairs Study Group, Volume 16, page 3. Excerpt: The name Turkestan is of Persian origin and was apparently first used by Persian geographers to describe "the country of the Turks". It was revived by the Russians as a convenient name for the governorate-general created in 1867 and the terms Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, etc. were not used until after 1924.〕 Turkestan was used to describe any place where Turkic peoples lived. Anatolia during Ottoman rule was referred to as Turkestan by Ottoman writers. Azerbaijan was also referred to as Turkestan in Azeri Turkic literature during Safavid rule. After the defeat and weakening of Persia in the Anglo-Persian War of 1856-1857, Imperial Russia stepped up its campaign to wrest full control over the Central Asian region from Persian dominance. On their way southward, the Russians took the city of Turkestan (in present-day Kazakhstan) in 1864. Mistaking its name for that of the entire region, they adopted the appellation of "Turkestan" for their new territory.〔〔Annette M. B. Meakin, ''In Russian Turkestan: a garden of Asia and its people'', page 44. Excerpt: On their way southward from Siberia in 1864, the Russians took it, and many writers affirm that, mistaking its name for that of the entire region, they adopted the appellation of "Turkestan" for their new territory. Up to that time, they assure us Khanates of Bokhara, Khiva and Kokand were known by these names alone.〕 the term labels a region which is inhabited mainly by Turkic peoples in Central Asia. It includes present-day Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Xinjiang (East Turkestan or Chinese Turkestan).〔 (Encyclopadea Britannica. Turkistan. ) Retrieved: 24 August 2009. 〕〔 (Oxford Dictionaries, Oxford University Press ) Retrieved: 26 May 2012. 〕 Many would also include Turkic regions of Russia (Tatarstan and parts of Siberia) as well. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Turkestan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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