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Tutupaka
Tutupaka〔(munitarata.gob.pe ) Officiall website of the Tarata Province〕 (hispanicized spelling ''Tutupaca'') is a volcano in Peru, about high. It is located in the Tacna Region, Candarave Province, Candarave District, close to the Bolivian and Chilean borders. Tutupaka is situated northwest of a lake named Wilaquta and the Yukamani volcano〔escale.minedu.gob.pe – UGEL map of the Candarave Province (Tacna Region)〕 and is a twin volcano. The northern edifice is more strongly eroded and underwent a flank collapse. The volcano has postglacial lava flows and several historical eruptions in 1802 and 1787–1789, with further eruptions suspected that might have occurred on Yukamani instead. The volcano is also active with fumaroles,〔 one was reported on the northeastern flank in 1953. Debris deposits are mined for sulfur.
==Geography==
Tutupaka rises above a high plateau of mainly formed from sedimentary and volcanic material of Miocene-Pliocene age, and is formed from a basal edifice and two smaller ones constructed on top of it. This basal edifice, mostly of andesitic and dacitic composition and centered on the south of the two current edifices, was heavily affected by Pleistocene glaciation and hydrothermal alteration as well as a late ignimbrite eruption. Major moraines of probably Late Glacial Maximum lie in the surrounding valleys and on the basal edifice. The western (or northern) smaller edifice is a complex of lava flows and domes with Plinian eruptive activity, also affected by glacial erosion. One biotite was dated to 0.7 Ma ago. The eastern (or southern) edifice is formed by lava domes unaffected by glacial action, but is cut by a NE-open amphitheatre and containing the remnants of a summit crater. Several non-pristine lava flows are discernible. Two edifice failure events are noticeable on the southern edifice, an older channelized towards the east-southeast, and a more recent one towards the northeast. The river valleys Tacalaya and Callazas run beside the volcano complex, the latter separating it from the younger looking Yucamane. A major SE-NW-trending fault system is associated with the volcano and may be related to the formation of the amphitheatre.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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