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The Tyva Republic (; , ''Tyva Respublika'', (:təˈvɑ risˈpublikɑ)), Tyva or Tuva (, (ロシア語:Тува́)), is a federal subject of Russia (a republic, also defined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation as a State ). It lies in the geographical center of Asia, in southern Siberia. The republic borders with the Altai Republic, the Republic of Khakassia, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Irkutsk Oblast, and the Republic of Buryatia in Russia and with Mongolia to the south. Its capital is the city of Kyzyl. Population: 307,930 (2010 Census). From 1921 until 1944, Tuva constituted a sovereign, independent nation, under the name of Tannu Tuva – officially, the Tuvan People's Republic, or People's Republic of Tannu Tuva. The independence of Tannu Tuva, however, was only recognized by its then neighbors the Soviet Union and Mongolia.〔http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/152275?sid=21105809346003&uid=4&uid=2〕 Forests, mountains, and steppe make up a large part of the geography of Tuva. A majority of the people are Tyvans, but Russian is also spoken extensively. Tuva is governed by the Great Khural which elects a chairman for a four-year term. The current chairman is Sholban Kara-ool. ==History== (詳細はXiongnu Empire (209 BC–93 CE) governed the territory of modern Tyva. The identity of the ethnic core of Xiongnu has been a subject of varied hypotheses. Proposals by scholars include Mongolic and Turkic. Tatar Mongols lived in Tyva and they moved to Lake Hulun.〔Rashid-al-Din Hamadani. Jami al-Tawarikh〕 The Oirat Mongols lived in eastern Tyva and they moved to the south.〔History of Mongolia, Volume II, 2003〕 The territory of Tyva has been ruled by the Mongolic Xianbei state (93–234), Rouran Khaganate (330–555), Mongol Empire (1206–1368), Northern Yuan (1368–1691), Khotgoid Khanate and Zunghar Khanate (1634–1758).〔 The historic region of Tannu Uriankhai, of which Tyva is a part, was controlled by the Mongols from 1207 to 1758, when it was brought under Manchu rule (Qing Dynasty until 1911). During the 1911 revolution in China, tsarist Russia formed a separatist movement among the Tyvans. Tsar Nicholas II ordered Russian troops into Tyva in 1912, as Russian settlers were allegedly being attacked. Tyva became nominally independent as the ''Urjanchai Republic'' before being brought under Russian protectorate as ''Uryankhay Kray'' under Tsar Nicholas II on 17 April 1914. This move was apparently requested by a number of prominent Tyvans, including the High Lama, although it is possible they were actually acting under the coercion of Russian soldiers. A Tyvan capital was established, called Belotsarsk (Белоца́рск; literally, "(Town) of the White Tsar"). Meanwhile, in 1911, Mongolia became independent, though under Russian protection. Following the Russian Revolution of 1917 which ended the imperial autocracy, most of Tyva was occupied from 5 July 1918 to 15 July 1919 by Aleksandr Kolchak's "White" Russian troops. Pyotr Ivanovich Turchaninov was named governor of the territory. In the autumn of 1918 the southwestern part was occupied by Chinese troops and the southern part by Mongol troops led by Khatanbaatar Magsarjav. From July 1919 to February 1920 the communist Red Army controlled Tyva, but from 19 February 1920 to June 1921 it was occupied by China (governor was Yan Shichao (Wade–Giles transliteration: Yan Shi-ch'ao )). On August 14, 1921 the Bolsheviks established a Tuvan People's Republic, popularly called ''Tannu-Tuva''. In 1926, the capital (Belotsarsk; Khem-Beldyr since 1918) was renamed Kyzyl, meaning "red". Tyva was ''de jure'' an independent state between the World Wars. The state's first ruler, Prime Minister Donduk, sought to strengthen ties with Mongolia and establish Buddhism as the state religion. This unsettled the Kremlin, which orchestrated a coup carried out in 1929 by five young Tyvan graduates of Moscow's Communist University of the Toilers of the East. In 1930 the pro-Soviet region discarded the state's Mongol script in favor of a Latin alphabet designed for Tyva by Russian linguists, and in 1943 Cyrillic script replaced the Latin. Under the leadership of Party Secretary Salchak Toka, ethnic Russians were granted full citizenship rights and Buddhist and Mongol influences on the Tuvan state and society were systematically reduced.〔(Tuva: Russia's Tibet or the Next Lithuania? )〕 Tyva voluntarily became a part of The Soviet Union in 1944, with the approval of Tyva's Little Khural (parliament). The exact circumstances surrounding Tannu-Tuva's incorporation into the USSR in 1944 remain obscure. Salchak Toka, the leader of Tyvan communists, was given the title of First Secretary of the Tyvan Communist Party, and became the de facto ruler of Tyva until his death in 1973. Tyva was made the Tuvan Autonomous Oblast and then became the Tuva ASSR on October 10, 1961. In February 1990, the Tuvan Democratic Movement was founded by Kaadyr-ool Bicheldei, a philologist at Kyzyl University. The party aimed to provide jobs and housing (both were in short supply), and also to improve the status of Tyvan language and culture. Later on in the year there was a wave of attacks against Tyva's sizeable Russian community, including sniper attacks on trucks and attacks on outlying settlements with 168 murdered.〔Mark R. Beissinger, ''Nationalist Mobilization and the Collapse of the Soviet State'', Cambridge University Press, 2002, (p.230 )〕 Russian troops eventually were called in. Many Russians moved out of the republic during this period. To this day, Tyva remains remote and difficult to access.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Tyva and Sayan Mountains )〕 Tyva was a signatory to the March 31, 1992 treaty that created the Russian Federation. A new constitution for the republic was drawn up on October 22, 1993. This created a 32-member parliament (Supreme Khural) and a Grand Khural, which is responsible for foreign policy and any possible changes to the constitution, and ensures that Tyvan law is given precedence. The constitution also allowed for a referendum if Tyva ever sought independence. This constitution was passed by 53.9% (or 62.2%, according to source) of Tyvans in a referendum on December 12, 1993.〔Reuters News, 16 Dec, 1993 ”Tyva republic approves own constitution” or BBC Monitoring Service, 15 Dec, 1993 “Figures from Ingushetia, Tyva, Yaroslavl and parts of Urals and Siberia”〕 At the same time, the official name was changed from ''Tuva'' (Тува) to ''Tyva'' (Тыва). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tuva」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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