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Two-Spirit (also two spirit or twospirit) is a modern umbrella term used by some indigenous North Americans to describe gender-variant individuals in their communities.〔Medicine, Beatrice. (2002). "(Directions in Gender Research in American Indian Societies: Two Spirits and Other Categories )" In W. J. Lonner, D. L. Dinnel, S. A. Hayes, & D. N. Sattler (Eds.), ''(Online Readings in Psychology and Culture )'' (Unit 3, Chapter 2), Center for Cross-Cultural Research, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington USA.〕 The term was adopted in 1990 at an Indigenous lesbian and gay international gathering to encourage the replacement of the anthropological term ''berdache.''〔"(Two Spirit 101 )" at ''NativeOut''. Accessed 23 Sep 2015〕 It is a spiritual role that is recognized and confirmed by the Two-Spirit's indigenous community. While some have found the term a useful tool for intertribal organizing, not all Native cultures conceptualize gender this way, and most tribes use names in their own languages.〔〔"(Two Spirit Terms in Tribal Languages )" at ''NativeOut''. Accessed 23 Sep 2015〕 While pan-Indian terms are not always appropriate or welcome, the term has generally received more acceptance and use than the term it replaced.〔 Third and fourth gender roles traditionally embodied by two-spirit people include performing work and wearing clothing associated with both men and women. Not all tribes/nations have rigid gender roles, but, among those that do, some consider there to be at least four genders: masculine man, feminine man, masculine woman, feminine woman. The presence of male-bodied two-spirits "was a fundamental institution among most tribal peoples"〔Gilley, Brian Joseph (2006: 8). ''Becoming Two-Spirit: Gay Identity and Social Acceptance in Indian Country''. ISBN 0-8032-7126-3.〕 and, according to Will Roscoe, both male- and female-bodied two-spirits have been documented "in over 130 North American tribes, in every region of the continent."〔Roscoe, Will (1991). ''The Zuni Man-Woman,'' p.5. ISBN 0-8263-1253-5.〕 == Terminology == Before the late twentieth-century, non-Native (i.e. non-Native American/Canadian) anthropologists used the generic term ''berdache'' to identify an indigenous individual fulfilling one of many mixed gender roles in their tribe, but that term has now fallen out of favor. Anthropologists primarily used it to identify feminine Native men. Its etymology, however, has meant that it is now considered outdated and potentially offensive: it derives from the French ''フランス語:bardache'' (English equivalent: "bardash") meaning "passive homosexual", "catamite"〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Definition of "bardash" - Collins English Dictionary )〕 or even "male prostitute". ''Bardache'', in turn, derived from the Persian ''barda'' meaning "captive", "prisoner of war", "slave".〔Steingass, Francis Joseph. ''(A Comprehensive Persian-English dictionary, including the Arabic words and phrases to be met with in Persian literature. )'' London: Routledge & K. Paul, 1892. p. 173〕〔Jacobs, S.; Thomas, W.; Lang, S. (Eds.): ''Two-spirit people: Native American gender identity, sexuality, and spirituality'', page 4. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997.〕〔Williams, W.: ''The spirit and the flesh: Sexual diversity in American Indian cultures'', page 9. Boston: Beacon Press, 1986.〕〔Roscoe, W.: ''Changing ones: Third and fourth genders in native North America'', page 7. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998.〕〔(vulnerable ), ''The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition''. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Accessed: March 24, 2007.〕 Spanish explorers who encountered two-spirits among the Chumash people called them "'", the Spanish for "jewels". Use of ''berdache'' has generally been replaced by the self-chosen ''two-spirit'', which, in 1990, gained widespread popularity during the third annual intertribal Native American/First Nations gay and lesbian conference in Winnipeg. ''Two-spirit'' is a term chosen to express the Native/First Nations' distinct approach to gender identity and variance in contrast to the imposed non-Native in addition to replacing the otherwise imposed and non-Native terms of ''berdache'' and ''gay''.〔Jacobs, S. (1997), pp. 2–3, 221.〕〔Lang, S.: ''Men as women, women as men: Changing gender in Native American cultures,'' page XIII. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1998.〕〔Roscoe, W. (1998), p. 109.〕 "Two-spirited" or "two-spirit" usually indicates a Native person who feels their body simultaneously manifests both a masculine and a feminine spirit, or a different balance of masculine and feminine characteristics than usually seen in masculine men and feminine women. Most Indigenous communities have specific terms in their own languages for the gender-variant members of their communities and the social and spiritual roles these individuals fulfill — including and (ナバホ語:''nádleehé'').〔Burrus, Virginia & Keller, Catherine (2006). ''(Toward a theology of eros: transfiguring passion at the limits of discipline )'' Transdisciplinary theological colloquia. Fordham University Press. ISBN 0-8232-2636-0, ISBN 978-0-8232-2636-8. p. 73.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Two-Spirit」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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