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José Luis Álvarez Enparantza (27 September 1929 – 14 January 2012) better known by his pseudonym Txillardegi, was a Basque linguist, politician and writer. Born in San Sebastián (Basque Country), he did not learn the Basque language until the age of 17, but came to be considered one of the most influential figures in Basque nationalism and culture in the second half of the 20th century. == Literary and academic work == Álvarez Enparantza (the maternal surname was sometimes hispanicised as Emparanza) studied engineering in Bilbao, and linguistics in Paris. In 1957, he became a corresponding member of the Euskaltzaindia (''Academia de la Lengua Vasca'', Academy of the Basque Language), which adopted most of his proposals on the orthography and morphology of Standard Basque. In 1993 he became a member of its Commission on Pronunciation. His name was put forward twice to become a full member of the Euskaltzaindia but he was turned down for political reasons. When he was going to be proposed for a third time, he himself turned down the proposal.〔(Txillardegi's page in the website of the Basque Writers' Association )〕 He was a major contributor to the standardisation of Basque. His philosophy was based on the following points: * that if minority languages are to survive, they have to be able to deal with modern science and technology; * that a standardised language is a key part of modernisation; * that any subject could be discussed in an understandable way in any language, based on "trying, time, and intelligence"; * and that the main feature, among others, that should identify a person (or the country) as Basque should be knowledge of the Basque language. He was also a well-known writer and linguist under the pseudonyms ''Larresoro'', ''Igara'' and ''Usako''. He was a writer influenced by existentialism of Kierkegaard, Unamuno and Sartre, and also by the writer Bertrand Russell.〔Azurmendi, J. 1999: Txillardegiren saioa: hastapenen bila, Jakin, 114: 17-45.〕 He has had many books published, mostly to do with the Basque language and its grammar. He has also written novels and political essays. His work ''Leturiaren egunkari ezkutua'' (1957) is considered the first modern novel written in Basque and makes a clear dividing line in Basque literature. Other work included the novels ''Haizeaz bestaldetik'' (1979) and ''Putzu'' (1999); the influential essays ''Huntaz eta hartaz'' (1965), ''Hizkuntza eta pentsakera'' (1972) and ''Euskal Herria helburu'' (1994), and the academic works ''Euskal fonologia'' (1980), ''Euskal azentuaz'' (1984) and ''Elebidun gizartearen azterketa matematikoa'' (1984). In 1968 he won the Txomin Agirre award for his novel ''Elsa Scheelen''. He also won the Andima award in Caracas in 1969 for books on teaching mathematics. He won the ''Silver Lauburu'' for his book ''Euskal Gramatika'' in Bilbo in 1980. In the 1970s Txillardegi co-founded the ''Euskal Herrian Euskaraz'' Basque language movement. In 1982 he began lecturing in the University of the Basque Country, of which he later became a professor emeritus.〔 The database of the Basque scientific-intellectual community Inguma shows references to 122 products (paper, books, talks etc.) created by Txillardegi.〔(Reference to 122 products created by Txillardegi in Inguma database )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Txillardegi」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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