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Tychism ((ギリシア語:τύχη) "chance") is a thesis proposed by the American philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce that holds that absolute chance, or indeterminism, is a real factor operative in the universe. This doctrine forms a central part of Peirce's comprehensive evolutionary cosmology. It may be considered both the direct opposite of Einstein's oft quoted dictum that: "God does not play dice with the universe" and an early philosophical anticipation of Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. ==The thesis== In his theory of tychism, Peirce sought to deny the central position of the doctrine of necessity which maintains that "the state of things existing at any time, together with certain immutable laws, completely determine the state of things at every other time."〔Peirce, C.S. (1892) "The Doctrine of Necessity Examined", ''The Monist'', v. II, n. 3, pp. 321-337, see p. 323. ''Google Books'' (Eprint ). ''Internet Archive'' (Eprint ). Reprinted in ''Collected Papers'' v. 6, paragraph 35-65, see 37; and in ''Philosophical Writings of Peirce'' pp. 324-38, and ''The Essential Peirce'' v. 1, pp 298-311.〕 One of the principal arguments of the necessitarians is that their position involves a presupposition of all science. Peirce attacks this idea asserting: "To 'postulate' a proposition is no more than to hope it is true."〔"The Doctrine of Necessity Examined" (see previous footnote), see p. 323. In ''Collected Papers'', see v. 6, paragraph 39.〕 Thus an avenue is opened up allowing the entry of chance as a fundamental and absolute entity. Peirce does not, of course, assert that there is ''no'' law in the universe. On the contrary, he maintains that an absolutely chance world would be a contradiction and thus impossible. Complete lack of order is itself a sort of order. The position he advocates is rather that there are in the universe both regularities and irregularities. To explain the presence of such a universal "law" Peirce proposes a ''cosmological theory of evolution'' in which law develops out of chance. The hypothesis that ''out of irregularity, regularity constantly evolves'' seemed to him to have decided advantages not the least being its explanation of "why laws are not precisely or always obeyed, for what is still in a process of evolution can not be supposed to be absolutely fixed."〔Hamblin, pg. 380.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tychism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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