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Tristan Tzara (; ; born Samuel or Samy Rosenstock, also known as S. Samyro; – December 25, 1963) was a Romanian and French avant-garde poet, essayist and performance artist. Also active as a journalist, playwright, literary and art critic, composer and film director, he was known best for being one of the founders and central figures of the anti-establishment Dada movement. Under the influence of Adrian Maniu, the adolescent Tzara became interested in Symbolism and co-founded the magazine ''Simbolul'' with Ion Vinea (with whom he also wrote experimental poetry) and painter Marcel Janco. During World War I, after briefly collaborating on Vinea's ''Chemarea'', he joined Janco in Switzerland. There, Tzara's shows at the Cabaret Voltaire and Zunfthaus zur Waag, as well as his poetry and art manifestos, became a main feature of early Dadaism. His work represented Dada's nihilistic side, in contrast with the more moderate approach favored by Hugo Ball. After moving to Paris in 1919, Tzara, by then one of the "presidents of Dada", joined the staff of ''Littérature'' magazine, which marked the first step in the movement's evolution toward Surrealism. He was involved in the major polemics which led to Dada's split, defending his principles against André Breton and Francis Picabia, and, in Romania, against the eclectic modernism of Vinea and Janco. This personal vision on art defined his Dadaist plays ''The Gas Heart'' (1921) and ''Handkerchief of Clouds'' (1924). A forerunner of automatist techniques, Tzara eventually aligned himself with Breton's Surrealism, and under its influence wrote his celebrated utopian poem ''The Approximate Man''. During the final part of his career, Tzara combined his humanist and anti-fascist perspective with a communist vision, joining the Republicans in the Spanish Civil War and the French Resistance during World War II, and serving a term in the National Assembly. Having spoken in favor of liberalization in the People's Republic of Hungary just before the Revolution of 1956, he distanced himself from the French Communist Party, of which he was by then a member. In 1960, he was among the intellectuals who protested against French actions in the Algerian War. Tristan Tzara was an influential author and performer, whose contribution is credited with having created a connection from Cubism and Futurism to the Beat Generation, Situationism and various currents in rock music. The friend and collaborator of many modernist figures, he was the lover of dancer Maja Kruscek in his early youth and was later married to Swedish artist and poet Greta Knutson. ==Name== ''S. Samyro'', a partial anagram of ''Samy Rosenstock'', was used by Tzara from his debut and throughout the early 1910s.〔Cernat, p.108-109〕 A number of undated writings, which he probably authored as early as 1913, bear the signature ''Tristan Ruia'', and, in summer of 1915, he was signing his pieces with the name ''Tristan''.〔Cernat, p.109〕〔 Jacques-Yves Conrad, (''Promenade surréaliste sur la colline de Montmartre'' ), at the University of Paris III: Sorbonne Nouvelle (Center for the Study of Surrealism ); retrieved April 23, 2008〕 In the 1960s, Rosenstock's collaborator and later rival Ion Vinea claimed that he was responsible for coining the ''Tzara'' part of his pseudonym in 1915.〔 Vinea also stated that Tzara wanted to keep ''Tristan'' as his adopted first name, and that this choice had later attracted him the "infamous pun" ''Triste Âne Tzara'' (French for "Sad Donkey Tzara").〔 This version of events is uncertain, as manuscripts show that the writer may have already been using the full name, as well as the variations ''Tristan Țara'' and ''Tr. Tzara'', in 1913-1914 (although there is a possibility that he was signing his texts long after committing them to paper).〔Cernat, p.109-110〕 In 1972, art historian Serge Fauchereau, based on information received from Colomba, the wife of avant-garde poet Ilarie Voronca, recounted that Tzara himself had explained his chosen name was a pun in Romanian, ''trist în țară'', meaning "sad in the country"; Colomba Voronca was also dismissing rumors that Tzara had selected ''Tristan'' as a tribute to poet Tristan Corbière or to Richard Wagner's ''Tristan und Isolde'' opera.〔Cernat, p.110〕 Samy Rosenstock legally adopted his new name in 1925, after filing a request with Romania's Ministry of the Interior.〔 The French pronunciation of his name has become commonplace in Romania, where it replaces its more natural reading as ''țara'' ("the land", (:ˈt͡sara)).〔 Andra Matzal, ("România-fantomă o să mai existe în forma unei suferințe psihice" (interview with Andrei Codrescu) ), at (Club Literatura ), ''Cotidianul''; retrieved June 29, 2009〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tristan Tzara」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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