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Tzedakah
''Tzedakah'' (:tsedaˈka) or '' Ṣ'daqah'' (:sˤəðaːˈqaː) in Classical Hebrew ((ヘブライ語:צדקה); (アラビア語:صدقة)), is a Hebrew word literally meaning justice or righteousness but commonly used to signify ''charity'',〔Rabbi Hayim Halevy Donin; ''To Be A Jew''. Basic Books, New York; 1972, p. 48.〕 though it is a different concept from charity because tzedakah is an obligation and charity is typically understood as a spontaneous act of goodwill and a marker of generosity. It is based on the Hebrew word (צדק, ''Tzedek'') meaning ''righteousness'', ''fairness'' or ''justice'', and it is related to the Hebrew word Tzadik meaning ''righteous'' as an adjective (or ''righteous individual'' as a noun in the form of a substantive). In Judaism, ''tzedakah'' refers to the religious obligation to do what is right and just, which Judaism emphasises are important parts of living a spiritual life. Maimonides says that, while the second highest form of ''tzedakah'' is to give donations anonymously to unknown recipients, the highest form is to give a gift, loan, or partnership that will result in the recipient supporting himself instead of living upon others. Unlike philanthropy or charity, which is completely voluntary, ''tzedakah'' is seen as a religious obligation, which must be performed regardless of financial standing, and must even be performed by poor people. ''Tzedakah'' is considered to be one of the three main acts that can annul a less than favorable heavenly decree. The term is synonymous with Sadaqah or Saddka (Arabic: صدقة ), an Islamic term meaning "voluntary charity".
==Precedents in ancient Israel==
The Hebrew Bible teaches the obligation to aid those in need, but does not employ one single term for this obligation.〔Ronald L. Randle''The JPS guide to Jewish traditions'' Jewish Publication Society, 2004 p. 531 "Tzedakah (hqdx) The Bible repeatedly stresses the obligation to aid those in need, but never designates a special term for this requirement. The Rabbis adopted the word "tzedakah" to apply to charity, primarily in the form ..."〕 The term ''tzedekah'' occurs 157 times in the Masoretic Text, typically in relation to "righteousness" per se, usually in the singular, but sometimes in the plural ''tzedekot'', in relation to acts of charity.〔"The word "almsgiving", however, is far from expressing the full meaning of the Hebrew ẓedaḳah, which is, charity in the spirit of uprightness or justice. According to the Mosaic conception, wealth is a loan from God, and the poor have a certain claim on the possessions of the rich; while the rich are positively enjoined to share God's bounties with the poor."〕 In the Septuagint this was sometimes translated ''eleemosyne'', "almsgiving."〔As per Gesenius Lexicon; "Deuterony 6:25 καὶ ἐλεημοσύνη ἔσται..."〕〔"... derived from the Greek ἐλεημοσύνη (mercifulness), used by Greek-speaking Jews to denote almost exclusively the offering of charity to the needy, from a feeling of both compassion and righteousness (ẓedaḳah). (See LXX. (note: Septuagint) on Prov. xxi. 21, and Dan. iv. 24.)"〕
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