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Glue-size
Glue-size is a painting technique in which pigment is bound (sized) to cloth (usually linen) with hide glue, and typically the unvarnished cloth was then fixed to the frame using the same glue. Glue-size is also known as distemper, though the term "distemper" is applied variously to different techniques. Glue-size was used because hide glue was a popular binding medium in the 15th century, particularly among artists of the Early Netherlandish period, who used it as an inexpensive alternative to oil. Although a large number of works using this medium were produced, few survive today, mainly because of the high perishability of linen cloth and the solubility of hide glue. Well-known and relatively well-preserved — though substantially damaged — the most notable examples include Quentin Matsys' ''Virgin and Child with Saints Barbara and Catherine'' (c. 1515-25)〔"(The Virgin and Child with Saints Barbara and Catherine )". National Gallery, London. Retrieved 7 November 2011〕 and Dirk Bouts' ''Entombment'' (c. 1440-55).〔"(The Entombment )". National Gallery, London. Retrieved 7 November 2011.〕 In German the technique is known as ''Tüchleinfarben'', meaning “small cloth colours”, or ''Tüchlein'', derived from the German words ''Tüch'' and ''Lein'' ("fabric" and "flax").
==Technique==
A binding agent for pigment was made by boiling animal skin mixed with other organic tissue and applied to linen, itself prepared with a thin layer of glue.〔Jones, 10〕 The linen was ground, but sometimes treated, by both the glue and also white chalk, which allowed a surface suitable for underdrawing and a base that would not absorb the final layer's pigment.〔Campbell, 29〕
The advantage of using glue as a binder is that the colours render as matte and opaque textures suited to austere or mournful images as opposed to the translucent appearance associated with oil. Many reds and blues bound in glue would have appeared with a brilliance and intensity difficult to achieve with oil. Unfortunately the surviving examples have greatly deteriorated over time, having suffered from colour alteration due to exposure to light. Furthermore, the solubility of glue derived from animal products has meant that the accumulated layers of dirt cannot be removed without damaging the linen or dissolving the pigment.〔
Although it allowed fine linear detail, subtle tonal transition and at times vivid colourisation, by the end of the 15th century the medium, along with egg tempera, had fallen out of favour. Oil painting had become predominant among the artists of the early Northern Renaissance, mainly due to the innovations in oil by Jan van Eyck〔Van Eyck is often mistakenly credited with the invention of oil painting, whereas in fact the tradition in northern Europe goes back to at least the 12th century〕 and Rogier van der Weyden.〔 It can be viewed as a transitional method between works in tempera or oils on wooden panels and oil paintings on canvas, although tüchlein co-existed with panel painting until both were supplanted by oil-on-canvas by the end of the 16th century. The technique corresponds with the Spanish ''sarga'', where a thin gesso ground was favoured to create a smooth working surface.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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