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Tevaram
The ''Tevaram'' ((タミル語:தேவாரம்) ) denotes the first seven volumes of the ''Tirumurai'', the twelve-volume collection of Tamil Śaiva devotional poetry. All seven volumes are dedicated to the works of the three most prominent Tamil poets of the 7th century, the Nayanars - Sambandar, Tirunavukkarasar and Sundarar.〔Ignatius Hirudayam, "Canonical Books of Saivism and Vaishnavism in Tamil and Sanskrit" in the ''St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India'', Ed. George Menachery, Vol.III, 2010, pp.16 ff.〕〔Cutler 1987, p. 4〕〔Zvelebil 1974, p. 92〕 The singing of ''Tevaram'' is continued as a hereditary practise in some Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu.〔Knight 2010, p. 294〕
In the tenth century, during the reign of Raja Raja Chola I, a collection of these songs was found abandoned in the Chidambaram temple, along with other religious literary works, and collated by Nambiyandar Nambi. It is during the Chola dynasty that Tamil Shaivism came of age and ''Tevaram'', with its body of texts on rituals, philosophy and theology, was canonized.〔Cort 1998, p. 178〕 The 276 temples revered by these verses are called ''paadal petra sthalam'' and another 276 places having Shiva temples that are casually mentioned in the verses are classified as ''vaipu sthalam''. It was ''Tevaram'' for Shaivism and ''Nalayira Divya Prabandam'' for Vaishanvism. There are 796 of these songs with a total of more than 8200 stanzas.〔Sabaratnam 2001, p. 24〕 The three poets were not only involved in portraying their personal devotion to Shiva, but also involved a community of believers through their songs.〔Sabaratnam 2001, p. 25〕 It is one of the important sources of Tamil Bhakti, a movement that inspired the agricultural community.〔Schüler 2009, p. 32〕
==Evolution==
Three stages have been identified in the evolution of ''Thevaram'' - first is the mark of Shiva as the supreme deity during the 7th - 9th century, the second involved Chola kings initiating the compilation of all the hymns and installing the images of the 3 saint poets during the 10th to 11th century and the last being the restructuring done by the pontiffs of the ''mathas'' who incorporated the hymns into Saiva Siddantha canon in the 13th century.〔Khanna 2007, p. xxii〕 Both the Saiva and Vaishnava textual tradition negated the Vedic orthodoxy and Smartha tradition practised during the era.〔Khanna 2007, p. 53〕 The authority of the hymns were established with the Saivities calling the ''Tevaram'' as Tamil ''Marai'' (meaning Tamil Veda), while Vaishnavities called the ''Nalayira Divya Prabandham'' as Dravida Veda.〔 The usage of Sanskrit liturgies for religion was overcome with the usage of Tamil in both ''Tevaram'' and ''Prabandham''.〔 Sangam literature established the convention of ''akam'' (internally orineted) and ''puram'' (externally orientated) poetry.〔 Though influence of Sangam literature is often seen in ''Thevaram'', the strict conventions were not followed.〔 The verses were more oriented towards folk tradition, which was easily accessible to people.〔Sabaratnam 2001, p. 26〕
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