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Übermensch
The ''Übermensch'' (German for "Overman, Overhuman, Above-Human, Superman, Superhuman, Ultraman, Ultrahuman, Beyond-Man"; (:ˈˀyːbɐmɛnʃ)) is a concept in the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche. In his 1883 book ''Thus Spoke Zarathustra'' ((ドイツ語:Also Sprach Zarathustra)), Nietzsche has his character Zarathustra posit the Übermensch as a goal for humanity to set for itself. It is a work of philosophical allegory, with a structural similarity to the Gathas of Zoroaster/Zarathustra.
== ''Übermensch'' in English ==
The first translation, published in 1896, of ''Thus Spoke Zarathustra'' into English was by Alexander Tille, who translated Übermensch as Beyond-Man. In the Thomas Common translation, published in 1909, however, ''Übermensch'' was rendered as "Superman". Common was anticipated in this by George Bernard Shaw, who had done the same in his 1903 stage play ''Man and Superman''. Walter Kaufmann lambasted this translation in the 1950s for two reasons: first, its near or total failure to capture the nuance of the German word ''über'' (while the Latin prefix super- means above or beyond, the English use of the prefix or its use as an adjective has altered the meaning); and second, a rationale which Fredric Wertham railed against even more vehemently in ''Seduction of the Innocent'', for promoting an eventual puerile identification with the comic-book character Superman. His preference was to translate Übermensch as "overman". Scholars continue to employ both terms, some simply opting to reproduce the German word.
The German prefix ''über'' can have connotations of superiority, transcendence, excessiveness, or intensity, depending on the words to which it is prepended.〔''Duden Deutsches Universal Wörterbuch A–Z,'' s.v. über-.〕 ''Mensch'' refers to a member of the human species, rather than to a male specifically. The adjective ''übermenschlich'' means super-human, in the sense of beyond human strength or out of proportion to humanity.〔Übermenschlich. PONS.eu Online Dictionary. Retrieved from http://en.pons.eu/german-english/%C3%BCbermenschlich.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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