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Udayagiri Caves
The Udayagiri Caves (23:32:11N 77:46:20E) feature some of the oldest Hindu cave temples.〔Fred Kleiner (2012), Gardner’s Art through the Ages: A Global History, Cengage, ISBN 978-0495915423, page 434〕〔Margaret Prosser Allen (1992), Ornament in Indian Architecture, University of Delaware Press, ISBN 978-0874133998, pages 128-129〕 They are located in the city of Vidisha, northeast of Bhopal in the state of Madhya Pradesh, India.〔 They were carved and completed under the patronage of Chandragupta II, Emperor of the Gupta Empire, in the late 4th and 5th century CE. One of India's most important archaeological sites from the Gupta period, it is currently a tourist site under the protection of the Archaeological Survey of India.
Udayagiri consists of a substantial U-shaped plateau immediately next to the River Bes. Located a short distance from the earthen ramparts of ancient Besnagar, Udayagiri is about 4 km from the town of Vidisha and about 13 km from the Buddhist site of Sanchi.〔A. Ghosh, ''An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology'', 2 vols. New Delhi, 1989: s.v. Besnagar.〕 Udayagiri is best known for a series of rock-cut sanctuaries and images excavated into hillside in the early years of the fifth century CE. The site is notable for its ancient monumental relief sculpture of Hindu god Vishnu, in his incarnation as the boar-headed Varaha, rescuing the earth symbolically represented by Bhudevi clinging to the boar's tusk as described in Hindu mythology.〔 The site has important inscriptions of the Gupta dynasty belonging to the reigns of Chandragupta II (c. 375-415) and Kumaragupta I (c. 415-55).〔The inscriptions are dealt with in J. F. Fleet, ''Inscriptions of the Early Gupta Kings and their Successors'', Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, vol. 3 (Calcutta, 1888), hereinafter CII 3 (1888). Some of the records are re-edited, often with mischievous results, in the revised edition, D. R. Bhandarkar et al, ''Inscriptions of the Early Gupta Kings'', Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, vol. 3 (revised) (New Delhi, 1981).〕 In addition to these remains, Udayagiri has a series of rock-shelters and petroglyphs, ruined buildings, inscriptions, water systems, fortifications and habitation mounds, all of which have been only partially investigated. The complex consists of twenty caves, of which one is dedicated to Jainism and all others to Hinduism.〔
There are a number of places in India with the same name, the most notable being the mountain called Udayagiri at Rajgir in Bihar and the Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves in Odisha.
==Etymology==
The name of the site in ancient times is not directly attested. Udayagiri, literally the 'mountain of the sunrise', first appears in inscriptions of the eleventh century and it is now the name attached to a small village at the foot of the hill. Some historians have suggested that the iron pillar at Delhi originally stood at Udayagiri.〔R. Balasubramaniam, ‘Identity of Chandra and Vishnupadagiri of the Delhi Iron Pillar Inscription: Numismatic, Archaeological and Literary Evidence’, ''Bulletin of Metals Museum'' 32 (2000): 42-64; Balasubramaniam and Meera I. Dass, ‘Estimation of the Original Erection Site of the Delhi Iron Pillar at Udayagiri’, ''IJHS'' 39.1 (2004): 51-74; ibidem., ‘On the Astronomical Significance of the Delhi Iron Pillar’, ''Current Science'' 86 (2004): 1135-42.〕 If true, the inscription on the pillar shows that Udayagiri was called Viṣṇupadagiri, the 'hill of Viṣṇu's foot-prints' in the fifth century CE. This is supported by an inscription in one of the Udayagiri caves (Cave 19) reporting that the devotee who repaired the shrine 'bows forever to the feet of Viṣṇu'.〔M. Willis, ‘Inscriptions from Udayagiri: Locating Domains of Devotion, Patronage and Power in the Eleventh Century’, ''South Asian Studies'' 17 (2001): 41-53.〕
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