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Ukrainization (also spelled Ukrainisation or Ukrainianization) is a policy of increasing the usage and facilitating the development of the Ukrainian language and promoting other elements of Ukrainian culture, in various spheres of public life such as education, publishing, government and religion. The term is also used to describe a process by which non-Ukrainians or Russified Ukrainians come to accept Ukrainian culture and language as their own. The term is used, most prominently, for the Soviet indigenization policy of the 1920s (''korenizatsiya'', literally ‘putting down roots’), aimed at strengthening Soviet power in the territory of Soviet Ukraine and southern regions of the Russian SFSR. In various forms the Ukrainization policies were also carried in several different periods of the twentieth-century history of Ukraine, although with somewhat different goals and in different historical contexts. Ukrainization is often cited as a response and the means to address the consequences of previous assimilationist policies aimed at suppressing or even eradicating the Ukrainian language and culture from most spheres of public life, most frequently a policy of Russification in the times of the Russian Empire (see also Ems Ukaz) and in the USSR, but also Polonization and Rumanization in some Western Ukrainian regions. Following independence, the government of Ukraine began following a policy of Ukrainization,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Світова преса про вибори в Україні-2004 )〕 to increase the use of Ukrainian, while discouraging Russian, which has been gradually phased out from the country's education system,〔Volodymyr Malynkovych, (Ukrainian perspective ), Politicheskiy Klass, January, 2006〕 government, and national TV, radio programmes and films.〔(RussiaToday : Features : Wanted: Russian-language movies in Ukraine )〕 The ''Law on Education'' grants Ukrainian families (parents and their children) a right to choose their native language for schools and studies.〔(Ukraine/ Compendium of Cultural Policies and Trends in Europe, 10th edition ), Council of Europe (2009)〕 In western historiography, ''Ukrainization'' term refers also to a policy and resulting process of forcing ethnic minorities living on Ukrainian territories to abandon their ethnic identity by means of the enforced assimilation of Ukrainian culture and identity. During the aftermath of World War II, in Ukrainian SSR this process had been preceded by expulsion of ethnic minorities〔Norman Davies, ''God's Playground, a History of Poland'', Columbia University Press, 1982, ISBN 0231053525, (p.558 )〕 and appropriation of their cultural heritage.〔Tarik Cyril Amar, ''"A Murder in Lwów. The End of a Multi-Ethnic City, the Making of a Soviet-Ukrainian Lviv, and the Fate of a Model Borderland City", "Nowa Ukraina", vol. 1-2/2007, p. 107-121〕〔Patricia Kennedy Grimsted. ''Trophies of war and empire: the archival heritage of Ukraine, World War II, and the international politics of restitution.'' 2001. Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute. p. 163〕 Ukrainization is also used in the context of these acts. ==1917-1923: Times after the Russian Revolution== Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, the Russian Empire was broken up and the Ukrainians, who developed a renewed sense of national identity, intensified their struggle for an independent Ukrainian state. In the chaos of the Great War and revolutionary changes, a nascent Ukrainian state emerged but, initially, the state's very survival was not ensured. As the Central Rada, the governing body, was trying to assert the control over Ukraine amid the foreign powers and internal struggle, only a limited cultural development could take place. However, for the first time in the modern history, Ukraine had a government of its own and the Ukrainian language gained usage in state affairs. As the Rada was eventually overthrown in a German-backed coup (April 29, 1918), the rule of a Hetmanate led by Pavlo Skoropadsky was established. While the stability of the government was only relative and Skoropadsky himself, as a former officer of the tsarist army, spoke Russian rather than Ukrainian, the Hetmanate managed to start an impressive Ukrainian cultural and education program, printed millions of Ukrainian-language textbooks, and established many Ukrainian schools, two universities, and a Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. The latter established a Committee on Orthography and Terminology, which initiated a scholarly and methodological research program into Ukrainian terminology.〔Stephen D. Olynyk, "(ANALYSIS: The status of Ukrainian military terminology )", ''The Ukrainian Weekly'', February 16, 1997〕 The Hetmanate's rule ended with the German evacuation and was replaced by the Directorate government of Symon Petlura. However, Ukraine submerged into a new wave of chaos facing two invasions at the same time, from the East by the Bolshevik forces and from the West by the Polish troops, as well as being ravaged by armed bands that often were not backed by any political ideology. The nation lacked a cohesive government to conduct language and cultural policies. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ukrainization」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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