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The Ulaid (Old Irish, ) or Ulaidh (modern Irish, ) were a people and dynastic group of early Ireland who gave their name to the province of Ulster.〔 Ulaid was also the name of their over-kingdom, which consisted of a federation of minor-kingdoms ruled by an over-king.〔 Anciently Ulaid spanned across the whole of the modern province of Ulster, excluding County Cavan, but including County Louth stretching as far south as the River Boyne.〔〔 From the mid 5th-century onwards, the territory of Ulaid was largely confined to east of the River Bann due to encroachment by the Northern Uí Néill and Airgíalla.〔 Ulaid ceased to exist after its conquest in the late 12th-century by the Anglo-Norman knight John de Courcy, and was replaced with the Earldom of Ulster.〔 An individual from Ulaid was known in Irish as an ''Ultach'', variant spellings being ''Ultagh'' and ''Ultaigh''. ==Name== ''Ulaid'' is a plural noun, indicating an ethnonym rather than a geographic term.〔 The Ulaid are likely the Ούολουντοι (''Uolunti'' or ''Volunti'') mentioned in Ptolemy's 2nd century ''Geographia''.〔 This may be a corruption of Ούλουτοι (''Uluti''). The name is likely derived from the Gaelic ''ul'', "beard".〔Karl Horst Schmidt, "Insular P- and Q-Celtic", in Martin J. Ball and James Fife (eds.), ''The Celtic Languages'', Routledge, 1993, p. 67〕 The late 7th-century writer, Muirchú, spells Ulaid as ''Ulothi'' in his work the "Life of Patrick".〔 In medieval texts the Ulaid are also referred to as the Clanna Rudraige (modern spelling: Clanna Rudhraighe), which has been englished as Clanna Rury. This may mean "descendants of Rudraige" (a personal name) or "descendants of the Rudraige" (a population name, like Dartraige or Osraige). It is suggested that ''rud'' is related to ''ruad'' (red), and that the Rudraige were named after, and traced their descent to, the so-called "red god". The Ulster Cycle of Irish mythology is called ''An Rúraíocht'' in Irish.〔Price, Glanville. ''The Celtic Connection''. Rowman & Littlefield, 1992. p.73〕 Ulaid has historically been anglicised as ''Ulagh'' or ''Ullagh''〔 and Latinized as ''Ulidia'' or ''Ultonia''.〔〔 The latter two have yielded the terms ''Ulidian'' and ''Ultonian''. The Irish word for someone from Ulaid is ''Ultach'' (also spelt as ''Ultaigh'' and ''Ultagh''),〔〔Robert Bell; ''The book of Ulster Surnames'', page 180. The Blackstaff Press, 2003. ISBN 0-85640-602-3〕 which in Latin became ''Ultonii'' and ''Ultoniensis''.〔 The Ulaid gave their name to the province of Ulster, though the exact composition of it is disputed: it may be from the Norse name "Uladztir", which is an adaptation of ''Ulaidh'' and ''tir'', the Irish for "land";〔 similarly it may be derived from ''Ulaidh'' plus the Norse genitive ''s'' followed by the Irish ''tir''.〔 It has also been suggested to have derived from ''Uladh'' plus the Norse suffix ''ster'' (meaning place), which was common in the Shetland Islands and Norway.〔〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ulaid」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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