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Ultra-imperialism
Ultra-imperialism, or occasionally hyperimperialism and formerly super-imperialism, is a potential, comparatively peaceful phase of capitalism, meaning "after" or "beyond" imperialism. It was described mainly by Karl Kautsky. "Post-imperialism" is sometimes used as a synonym of "ultra-imperialism", although it can have distinct meanings.
== Origin of the term ==
The suggestion of a possible "Ultraimperialismus" is normally attributed to Karl Kautsky, the leading theoretician of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) in the era of the Kaiserreich. Kautsky coined the term in 1914, but he had speculated on the issue several times in 1912 already. He postulated that in the field of international relations a "stadium (), in which the competition among states will be disabled by their cartel relationship".〔Karl Kautsky, Der erste Mai und der Kampf gegen den Militarismus, Neue Zeit 30 (1912), Vol. 2, p. 107-108 (translated from German).〕 Thus, Kautsky’s ''Ultraimperialismus'' concept was shaped by the idea of cartels made up by states for the purpose of international policy.
The basic idea of a possible pacification of imperialism did not really originate from Kautsky. The British left-liberal John Atkinson Hobson had written in 1902 in a similar context about a potential "inter-imperialism", which could be established by a "combination" of great powers ("combination" or "combine" then being used to designate cartels).〔John A. Hobson: ''Imperialism'', London 1902, 311.〕 In 1907, Karl Liebknecht stated in his brochure ''Militarismus und Antimilitarismus'' that "a trustification of all actual and potential colonies among the colonial powers, so to speak () a disabling of the colonial rivalry among the states (take place in the future ), as it occurred to some extent for the private competition among capitalist entrepreneurs in the cartels and trusts".〔Karl Liebknecht: Schriften. Vol. 1., Berlin 1958, p. 269-270 (translated from German).〕 – On the eve of World War I these peace-loving social-democrats and liberals in Europe hoped that the great powers would – beginning with the British Empire and the Deutsche Reich – unite into a "states' cartel" or a "combination" of states giving the rivals organization and reconciliation.〔Holm A. Leonhardt, Zur Geschichte der Ultraimperialismus-Theorie 1902-1930. Die Ideengeschichte einer frühen Theorie der politischen Globalisierung (the History of Ultra-Imperialism Theory 1902-1930 ), in: Homepage of the Institute of History, Hildesheim Universität (Germany) http://www.uni-hildesheim.de/de/30219.htm.〕
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