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Ulwaluko
Ulwaluko, traditional circumcision and initiation into manhood, is an ancient initiation rite practiced by the amaXhosa. The ritual is traditionally intended as a teaching institution, to prepare young males for the responsibilities of manhood.〔Hunter, M. (1979). Reaction to conquest: effects of contact with Europeans on the Pondo of South Africa (First abridged edition). Cape Town: David Philip.〕 Therefore initiates are called ''abakhwetha'' in isiXhosa: ''aba'' means a group, and ''kwetha'' means to learn. A single male in the group is known as an ''umkhwetha''.〔Hunter, L.H. (Male Circumcision Ceremony - Initiation into Manhood ). Ezakwantu.com. Retrieved 2014-03-28.〕 A male who has not undergone initiation is referred to as ''inkwenkwe'' (boy), regardless of his age, and is not allowed to take part in male activities such as tribal meetings.〔(Kwekudee ) (2013). (Xhosa people: South Africa's ancient people with unique traditional and cultural heritage ). Blogspot.com. Retrieved 2014-03-28.〕
==Description==
The initiation ritual is commonly conducted during June and December.〔Meintjes, G. (1998). Manhood at a price: socio-medical perspectives on Xhosa Traditional Circumcision. Grahamstown: Rhodes University.〕 During the ritual process the traditional surgeon (''ingcibi'') severs the foreskin using an assegaai, after which he says “You are a man!” The initiate shouts in reply "Ndiyindoda!" (“I am a man!”). The foreskin is subsequently attached to the initiate’s blanket. The period of seclusion that follows lasts about one month and is divided into two phases. During the first eight days the initiates are confined to a hut and the use of certain foods is restricted. This phase culminates in the ''ukosiswa'' rite, during which food taboos are released, marking the transition to the second phase that lasts a further two to three weeks. During these phases the initiates are looked after by the ''ikhankatha'' (traditional attendant). The termination of the period of seclusion commences when the boys are urged to race down to the river to wash themselves. The hut and the initiates’ possessions are burnt. Each initiate receives a new blanket and is now called ''amakwala'' (new man).〔Papu, J., Verster, P. (2006). (A biblical, cultural and missiological critique of traditional circumcision among Xhosa-speaking Christians ). Acta Theologica 2:178-198.〕
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