|
| issue = }} Umar, also spelled Omar (, born c.583 CEdied 3 November 644 CE), was one of the most powerful and influential Muslim caliphs (successors) in history.〔Ahmed, Nazeer, ''Islam in Global History: From the Death of Prophet Muhammad to the First World War'', American Institute of Islamic History and Cul, 2001, p. 34. ISBN 0-7388-5963-X.〕 He was a senior Sahaba of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He succeeded Abu Bakr (632–634) as the second caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate on 23 August 634. He was an expert Islamic jurist known for his pious and just nature, which earned him the epithet ''Al-Farooq'' ("the one who distinguishes between right and wrong"). He is sometimes referred to as Umar I by historians of Islam, since a later Umayyad caliph, Umar II, also bore that name. According to Sunnis, Umar is the second greatest of the Sahaba after Abu Bakr.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Hadith - Book of Companions of the Prophet - Sahih al-Bukhari - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم) )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Hadith - Book of Companions of the Prophet - Sahih al-Bukhari - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم) )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Hadith - Book of Companions of the Prophet - Sahih al-Bukhari - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم) )〕 Under Umar, the caliphate expanded at an unprecedented rate, ruling the Sasanian Empire and more than two-thirds of the Byzantine Empire.〔Hourani, p. 23.〕 His attacks against the Sasanian Empire resulted in the conquest of Persia in fewer than two years (642–644).〔https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Caliphate.html〕 According to Jewish tradition, Umar set aside the Christian ban on Jews and allowed them into Jerusalem and to worship. ==Early life== Umar was born in Mecca to the Banu Adi clan, which was responsible for arbitration among the tribes.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Umar Ibn Al-Khattab : His Life and Times, Volume 1 )〕 His father was Khattab ibn Nufayl and his mother was Hantama bint Hisham, from the tribe of Banu Makhzum. He is said to have belonged to a middle-class family. In his youth he used to tend to his father's camels in the plains near Mecca. His merchant father was famed for his intelligence among his tribe. Umar himself said: "My father, Al-Khattab was a ruthless man. He used to make me work hard; if I didn't work he used to beat me and he used to work me to exhaustion."〔Muhammad Husayn Haykal (1944). ''Al Farooq, Umar''. Chapter 1, p. 45.〕 Despite literacy being uncommon in pre-Islamic Arabia, Umar learned to read and write in his youth. Though not a poet himself, he developed a love for poetry and literature.〔Haykal, 1944. Chapter 1.〕 According to the tradition of Quraish, while still in his teenage years, Umar learned martial arts, horse riding and wrestling. He was tall, physically powerful and a renowned wrestler.〔〔Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, ''History of the Prophets and Kings''〕 He was also a gifted orator who succeeded his father as an arbitrator among the tribes.〔Haykal, 1944. Chapter 1, pp. 40–41.〕 Umar became a merchant and made several journeys to Rome and Persia, where he is said to have met various scholars and analyzed Roman and Persian societies. As a merchant he was unsuccessful.〔〔Tabqat ibn Sa'ad. Chapter: Umar ibn Khattab.〕 Like others around him, Umar was fond of drinking in his pre-Islamic days.〔Haykal, 1944. Chapter 1, p. 47.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Umar」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|