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Privilege (social inequality)
Privilege is the sociological concept that some groups of people have advantages relative to other groups. The term is commonly used in the context of social inequality, particularly with regards to social class, race, age, sexual orientation, gender, and disability. Specific elements of privilege may be financial or material such as access to housing, education, and jobs,〔 as well as others that are emotional or psychological, such as a sense of personal self-confidence and comfort, or having a sense of belonging or worth in society. It began as an academic concept, but has since become popular outside of academia.
Substantial analysis of privilege and specific social groups has been published and has included a variety of perspectives. Some commentators have addressed limitations in the term, such as its inability to distinguish between concepts of "spared injustice" and "unjust enrichment", and its tendency to conflate disparate groups.
== History ==
The concept of privilege dates back to 1903 when American sociologist and historian W. E. B. Du Bois published the essay ''The Souls of Black Folk'', in which he wrote that although African Americans were observant about white Americans and conscious of racial discrimination, white Americans did not think much about African Americans, nor about the effects of racial discrimination. In 1935, Du Bois wrote about what he called the "wages of whiteness", which he described as including courtesy and deference, unimpeded admittance to all public functions, lenient treatment in court, and access to the best schools.
In 1988, American academic and professor Peggy McIntosh published the essay ''White Privilege and Male Privilege: A Personal Account of Coming to See Correspondences through Work in Women’s Studies'', in which she documented forty-six privileges which she, as a white person, experienced in the United States. For example: "I can be sure that if I need legal or medical help, my race will not work against me", and "I do not have to educate my children to be aware of systemic racism for their own daily physical protection". McIntosh described white privilege as an "invisible package of unearned assets" which white people do not want to acknowledge, and which leads to them being confident, comfortable and oblivious about racial issues, while non-white people become unconfident, uncomfortable and alienated.〔 McIntosh's essay has been credited for stimulating academic interest in privilege, which has been extensively studied in the decades since.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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