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University spin-offs transform technological inventions developed from university research that are likely to remain unexploited otherwise.〔Shane (2004).〕 As such, university/academic spin-offs are a subcategory of research spin-offs. Prominent examples of university spin-offs are Genentech, Crucell, Lycos and Plastic Logic. In most countries, universities can claim the intellectual property (IP) rights on technologies developed in their laboratories. This IP typically draws on patents or, in exceptional cases, copyrights. Therefore, the process of establishing the spin-off as a new corporation involves transferring the IP to the new corporation or giving the latter a license on this IP. == Critical steps in developing a spin-off == University spin-offs typically go through a number of critical steps to develop the initial invention into a successful business venture. The following steps are critical in creating a successful spin-off (not necessarily in this order).〔See for example: Vohora et al. (2004).〕 * Developing a proof of concept, or proof of principle, that demonstrates that the invented method or new theory is probably useful in a particular application - for example a new product. * Developing a fully functioning prototype of this new product; the prototype also serves to learn about how to produce, use and sell the new product. * Attracting startup funding to finance the development of prototypes and new products; this may involve acquiring financial resources from venture capital firms, angel Investors, banks, or other providers of early-stage financial capital. * Developing a successful business model for the spin-off; a business model depicts the rationale of how the spin-off will create, deliver and capture value. * Acquiring the first customers. The first customer, also called an early adopter, can provide candid feedback to help the spin-off refine future product releases and also provide access to a distribution channel or other forms of support. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「University spin-off」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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