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Unpopularity
Unpopularity, the opposite of popularity, is the quality of lacking acceptance or approval by one's peers.
==Development==
The importance of peer relations in an adolescent's normal psychosocial development has been well-researched. The impact of peers is hardly surprising, given that high school students spend the majority of their days with peers rather than with adults, both during and outside of class.〔Brown, B. (1990). Peer groups. In S. Feldman & G. Elliott (Eds.), ''At the threshold: The developing adolescent'' (pp. 171–196). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.〕 More importantly, peer groups provide contexts separate from the home for experimentation. This makes peers particularly crucial in the development of a sense of identity〔Brown, B., Clasen, D., & Eicher, S. (1986). Perceptions of peer pressure, peer conformity dispositions, and self-reported behavior among adolescents.'' Developmental Psychology'' 22, 521-530.〕 and a capacity for intimacy.〔Sullivan, H.S. (1953). ''The interpersonal theory of psychiatry''. New York: Norton.〕
But while normal peer relations are an enjoyable alternative to the home,〔Larson, R. (1983). Adolescents' daily experience with family and friends: Contrasting opportunity systems. ''Journal of Marriage and the Family'' November, 739–750.〕 a subset of adolescents experience this social network as distinctly unpleasant. These adolescents are considered unpopular or deviant even early in childhood, and are rejected as such. In adolescence they are uncharacteristic of any crowd and lack the close friendships of their more popular peers. There has been considerable research documenting the effects of peer rejection, such as low academic achievement, delinquent behavior, and mental health problems in adulthood.〔Savin-Williams, R., & Berndt, T. (1990). Friendship and peer relations. In S. Feldman & G. Elliot (Eds.), ''At the threshold: The developing adolescent'' (pp. 277–307). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.〕 Other research has focused on identifying stable subgroups of unpopular adolescents. A common distinction is that made between aggressive, withdrawn, and aggressive–withdrawn individuals.〔Hymel, S., Bowker, A., & Woody, E. (1993). Aggressive versus withdrawn unpopular children: Variations in peer and self-perceptions in multiple domains. ''Child Development'' 64, 879–896.〕
However, less is known about how these traits lead aggressive or withdrawn children to become unpopular and to experience later adjustment problems. Indeed, the very causality of this relationship is uncertain, and it is suggested that both behavioral traits and unpopularity are as stable as they are due to various reinforcement processes. Because peer relations are so essential to developing identity and intimacy, the normal psychosocial maturation of unpopular adolescents lags behind their peers. Attempts to "catch up" by reentry into the dominant network of peer groups are then likely to fail and result in even greater rejection. In seeking to compensate for the lack of peer relations, furthermore, the unpopular adolescent may be forced to turn to other sources of support that cannot replace the peer group and may in fact encourage the adolescent's unpopular traits. Indeed, unpopular adolescents may be unable to achieve a genuine sense either of identity or intimacy either in their initial peer relations, or in their attempted compensation involving family members, antisocial contacts, or fantasy.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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