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|- | }} Upāsaka (masculine) or Upāsikā (feminine) are from the Sanskrit and Pāli words for "attendant".〔Nattier (2003), p. 25, states that the etymology of ''upāsikā'' suggests "those who serve" and that the word is best understood as "'lay auxiliary' of the monastic community."〕 This is the title of followers of Buddhism (or, historically, of Gautama Buddha) who are not monks, nuns, or novice monastics in a Buddhist order, and who undertake certain vows.〔Nattier (2003), p. 25, notes: "...()he term ''upāsaka'' (fem. ''upāsikā'') ... is now increasingly recognized to be not a generic term for supporters of the Buddhist community who happen not to be monks or nuns, but a very precise category designating those lay adherents who have taken on specific vows. ...()hese dedicated lay Buddhists did not constitute a free-standing community, but were rather adjunct members of particular monastic organizations."〕 In modern times they have a connotation of dedicated piety that is best suggested by terms such as "lay devotee" or "devout lay follower."〔Rhys Davids & Stede (1921-25), p. 150, entry for "Upāsaka," available at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:3992.pali; and, Encyclopædia Britannica (2007), entry for "upasaka," available at http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9074383/upasaka. Also, see Nattier (2003), p. 25, quoted at length above, for recent scholarship on the Pali term's historical usage.〕 ==Precepts== The five vows to be held by ''upāsakas'' are referred to as the "Five Precepts" (Pāli: ''pañcasīla''): # I will not take the life of a sentient being; # I will not take what has not been given to me; # I will refrain from sexual misconduct; # I will refrain from false speech; # I will refrain from becoming intoxicated. In the Theravada tradition, on Uposatha days, devout lay practitioners may request the "Eight Precepts" from monastics (Pali: ''uposathaŋ samādiyati'').〔Rhys Davids & Stede (1921-25), pp. 150-1, entry for "Uposatha," available at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:4011.pali; also see: Harvey (1990), p. 192; and Kariyawasam (1995), chapter 3, "Poya Days," available at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/kariyawasam/wheel402.html#ch3.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Upāsaka and Upāsikā」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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