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An upgrader is a facility that upgrades bitumen (extra heavy oil) into synthetic crude oil. Upgrader plants are typically located close to oil sands production, for example, the Athabasca oil sands in Alberta, Canada or the Orinoco tar sands in Venezuela. ==Processes== Upgrading means using fractional distillation and/or chemical treatment to convert bitumen so it can be handled by oil refineries. This means at least reducing its viscosity so that it can be pumped through pipelines (bitumen is 1000x more viscous than light crude oil), and often separating out heavy fractions and reducing sulfur, nitrogen and metals like nickel and vanadium. Upgrading may involve multiple processes: *Vacuum distillation to separate lighter fractions, leaving behind a residue with molecular weights over 400. *De-asphalting the vacuum distillation residue to remove the highest molecular weight alicyclic compounds, which precipitate as black/brown asphaltenes when the mixture is dissolved in C3–C7 alkanes, leaving "de-asphalted oil" (DAO) in solution. A mixture of propane and butane will remove metallic compounds that would interfere with hydrotreating. *Cracking to break long chain molecules in the DAO into shorter ones. *Hydrotreating may also be employed to remove sulfur and reduce the level of nitrogen. Research into using biotechnology to perform some of these processes at lower temperatures and cost is ongoing. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Upgrader」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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