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Urmia〔Variously transliterated as ''Oroumieh'', ''Oroumiyeh'', ''Orūmīyeh'' and ''Urūmiyeh''〕 () ((アゼルバイジャン語:Urmu, Urmiyə), (ペルシア語:ارومیه), (クルド語:Ûrmiye), (アルメニア語:Ուրմիա), ,) is the second largest city in the north-west of Iran, is a city in and the capital of West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. Urmia is situated at an altitude of 1,330 m above sea level, and is located along the Shahar Chay river (City River) on the Urmia Plain. Lake Urmia, one of the world's largest salt lakes, lies to the east of the city and the mountainous Turkish border area lies to the west. Urmia is the 10th most populated city in Iran. At the 2012 census, its population was 667,499 with 197,749 households. The city's inhabitants are predominantly Iranian Azerbaijanis who speak the Azerbaijani language,. There are also minorities of Kurds, Assyrians, and Armenians.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Orumiyeh (Iran) )〕 The city is the trading center for a fertile agricultural region where fruits (especially apples and grapes) and tobacco are grown. An important town by the 9th century, Urmia was seized by the Seljuk Turks (1184), and later occupied a number of times by the Ottoman Turks. For centuries the city has had a diverse population which has at times included Muslims (Shias and Sunnis), Christians (Catholics, Protestants, Nestorians, and Orthodox), Jews, Bahá'ís and Sufis. Around 1900, Christians made up more than 40% of the city's population, however, most of the Christians fled in 1918〔http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Urmia.html〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Assyrians in the History of Urmia, Iran )〕〔〔E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936, M. Th Houtsma, page 1035, 1987〕 as a result of the Persian Campaign during World War I and the Armenian and Assyrian Genocides. == Name == The name Urmia originated in the Kingdom of Urartu. Urartian fortresses and artifacts found across Azerbaijan and into the Azerbaijan province of Iran denote an Urartian etymology. The city's Armenian population also complements the idea of an Urartian origin. According to Vladimir Minorsky, there were villages in the Urmia plain as early as 2000 B.C., with their civilization under the influence of the Kingdom of Van. The excavations of the ancient ruins near Urmia led to the discovery of utensils that date to 2000 years B.C.. In ancient times, the west bank of Urmia Lake was called ''Gilzan'', and in the ninth century B.C. an independent government ruled there, which later joined the Urartu or Mana empire; in the eighth century B.C., the area was a vassal of the Asuzh government until it joined the Median Empire after its formation. Richard Nelson Frye also suggested an Urartian origin for the name.〔Richard Nelson Frye, The history of ancient Iran, München (1984), 48-49〕 T. Burrow connected the origin of the name Urmia to Indo-Iranian urmi- "wave" and urmya- "undulating, wavy",〔The Proto-Indoaryans, by T. Burrow, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, No. 2 (1973), pp. 123-140, Published by: Cambridge University Press, see 139〕 which is due to the local Assyrian folk etymology for the name which related "Mia" to Syriac meaning "water." Hence ''Urmia'' simply means 'Watertown" — a befitting name for a city situated by a lake and surrounded by rivers, would be the cradle of water. This also suggests, that the Assyrians referred to the Urartian influence in Urmia as ancestors of the inhabitants of the Sumerian city state Ur, referenced Biblically as "Ur of the Chaldees". Further association of the Urmia/Urartian/Ur etymology from the Assyrian folk legend is the fact that the Urartian language is also referenced as the Chaldean language, a standardized simplification of Neo-Assyrian cuneiform, which originated from the accreditation to Urartian chief god Ḫaldi or Khaldi. Thus the root of Urmia is an Assyrian reference to the etymology of the Urartu/Ur Kingdoms and the Aramaic word "Mia" meaning water, which as T. Burrow noted, referenced the city that is situated by a lake and surrounded by rivers. As of 1921, Urmia was also called, ''Urumia'' and ''Urmi''. During the Pahlavi Dynasty (1925–1979), the city was called ''Rezaiyeh''〔Also ''Rezaeyeh'', ''Rezā’īyeh'', ''Rezâiyye''〕 ((ペルシア語:رضائیه)) after Rezā Shāh, the dynasty's founder, whose name ultimately derives from the Islamic concept of ''rida'' via the Eighth Imam in Twelver Shia Islam, Ali al-Ridha. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Urmia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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