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Urmuz ((:urˈmuz), pen name of Demetru Dem. Demetrescu-Buzău, also known as Hurmuz or Ciriviș, born Dimitrie Dim. Ionescu-Buzeu; March 17, 1883 – November 23, 1923) was a Romanian writer, lawyer and civil servant, who became a cult hero in Romania's avant-garde scene. His scattered work, consisting of absurdist short prose and poetry, opened a new genre in Romanian letters and humor, and captured the imagination of modernists for several generations. Urmuz's ''Bizarre'' (or ''Weird'') ''Pages'' were largely independent of European modernism, even though some may have been triggered by Futurism; their valorization of nonsense verse, black comedy, nihilistic tendencies and exploration into the unconscious mind have repeatedly been cited as influential for the development of Dadaism and the Theatre of the Absurd. Individual pieces such as "The Funnel and Stamate", "Ismaïl and Turnavitu", "Algazy & Grummer" or "The Fuchsiad" are parody fragments, dealing with monstrous and shapeshifting creatures in mundane settings, and announcing techniques later taken up by Surrealism. Urmuz's biography between his high school eccentricity and his public suicide remains largely mysterious, and some of the sympathetic accounts have been described as purposefully deceptive. The abstruse imagery of his work has produced a large corpus of diverging interpretations. He has notably been read as a satirist of public life in the 1910s, an unlikely conservative and nostalgic, or an emotionally distant esotericist. In Urmuz's lifetime, his stories were only acted out by his thespian friend George Ciprian and published as samples by ''Cuget Românesc'' newspaper, with support from modernist writer Tudor Arghezi. Ciprian and Arghezi were together responsible for creating the link between Urmuz and the emerging avant-garde, their activity as Urmuz promoters being later enhanced by such figures as Ion Vinea, Geo Bogza, Lucian Boz, Sașa Pană and Eugène Ionesco. Beginning in the late 1930s, Urmuz also became the focus interest for the elite critics, who either welcomed him into 20th-century literature or dismissed him as a buffoonish impostor. By then, his activity also inspired an eponymous avant-garde magazine edited by Bogza, as well as Ciprian's drama ''The Drake's Head''. ==Name== Urmuz's birth name was, in full, ''Dimitrie Dim. Ionescu-Buzeu'' (or ''Buzău''), changed to ''Dimitrie Dim. Dumitrescu-Buzeu'' when he was still a child, and later settled as ''Demetru Dem. Demetrescu-Buzău''.〔 Radu Cernătescu, ("Noi argumente pentru redeschiderea "cazului Urmuz' " ), in ''România Literară'', Nr. 27/2010〕〔Sandqvist, p.221〕 The ''Demetrescu'' surname was in effect a Romanian patronymic, using the ''-escu'' suffix: his father was known as Dimitrie (Demetru, Dumitru) Ionescu-Buzău.〔〔Deligiorgis edition, p.5〕 The attached particle ''Buzău'', originally ''Buzeu'', confirms that the family traced its roots to the eponymous town.〔〔Vasile Andru, ("Urmuz – A Great Innovator in Spite of Himself (Urmuz and Anti-Literature as Hyper-Life)" ), in ''(Plural Magazine )'', Nr. 19/2003〕 According to George Ciprian, the names ''Ciriviș'' (variation of ''cerviș'', Romanian for "melted grease") and ''Mitică'' (pet form of ''Dumitru'') were coined while the writer was still in school, whereas ''Urmuz'' came "later".〔Ciprian, p.40〕 The name under which the writer is universally known did not actually originate from his own wishes, but was selected and imposed on the public by Arghezi, only one year before Urmuz committed suicide.〔Cernat, ''Avangarda'', p.340; Deligiorgis edition, p.5; Sandqvist, p.221〕〔 Vasile Iancu, ("Avangardiștii de ieri și de azi" ), in ''Convorbiri Literare'', May 2005〕〔 Geo Șerban, ("Cursă de urmărire, cu suspans, prin intersecțiile avangărzii la români" ), in ''Lettre Internationale'' Romanian edition, Nr. 58, Summer 2006 (republished by (''România Culturală'' ))〕〔 Gabriela Ursachi, ("Martie" ), in ''România Literară'', Nr. 12/2003〕 The spelling ''Hurmuz'', when used in reference to the writer, was popular in the 1920s, but has since been described as erroneous.〔 The variant ''Ormuz'', sometimes rendered as ''Urmuz'', was also used as a pen name by the activist and novelist A. L. Zissu.〔 ("Situația creatorilor de artă și literatură, în anii Holocaustului" ), in ''Realitatea Evreiască'', Nr. 237 (1037), September 2005, p.9; Liviu Rotman (ed.), ''(Demnitate în vremuri de restriște )'', Editura Hasefer, Federation of Jewish Communities of Romania & Elie Wiesel National Institute for Studying the Holocaust in Romania, Bucharest, 2008, p.175. ISBN 978-973-630-189-6〕 The word ''()urmuz'', explained by linguists as a curious addition to the Romanian lexis,〔 C. Lacea, ("Curiozități semantice" ), in ''Transilvania'', Nr. 10-12/1914, p.469 (digitized by the Babeș-Bolyai University (Transsylvanica Online Library ))〕 generally means "glass bead", "precious stone" or "snowberry". It has entered the language through oriental channels, and these meanings ultimately refer to the international trade in beads centered on Hormuz Island, Iran.〔 Anthropologist and essayist Vasile Andru highlights a secondary, scatological, meaning: in the Romani language, a source of Romanian slang, ''urmuz'', "bead", has mutated to mean "feces".〔 An alternative etymology, exclusive to the author's pseudonym, was advanced by writer and scholar Ioana Pârvulescu. It suggests the combination of two contradictory terms: ''ursuz'' ("surly") and ''amuz'' ("I amuse").〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Urmuz」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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