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Ursari
The Ursari (generally read as "bear leaders" or "bear handlers"; from the Romanian ''urs'', meaning "bear"; singular: ''ursar''; Bulgarian: урсари, ''ursari'') or Richinara are the traditionally nomad occupational group of animal trainers among the Romani people.
An endogamous category originally drawing the bulk of its income from busking performances in which they used brown bears and, in several instances, Old world monkeys, they have largely become settled after the 1850s. The Ursari form an important part of the Roma community in Romania, where they are one of the 40 tribal groups,〔 Centrul de Documentare şi Informare despre Minorităţile din Europa de Sud-Est, (''Romii din România'' ), at the (Erdélyi Magyar Adatbank ), retrieved June 25, 2007〕 as well as notable segments of the Bulgarian Roma population and of the one in Moldova. They also form a sizable part of the Roma present in Serbia and Western European countries such as the Netherlands and Italy.
The word ''Ursari'' may also refer to a dialect of Balkan Romani, as spoken in Romania and Moldova,〔(''Balkan Romani'' at Ethnologue.com ), retrieved June 23, 2007〕〔("Roma – Sub Ethnic Groups", at Rombase ), retrieved June 23, 2007〕 although it is estimated that most Ursari, like the Boyash, speak Romanian as their native language.〔Angus M. Fraser, ''The Gypsies'', Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, 1995, p.45-48, 226. ISBN 0-631-19605-6〕 There is no scholarly consensus on whether Ursari belong to the Sinti subgroup of the Roma people or to the other half of the Roma population.〔Lucassen, p.84, 86, 90〕 A Romanian poll conducted in 2004 among 347 Roma found that 150 referred to themselves as "Ursari" (or 43.2%, and the largest single group).〔 Mihai Surdu, (''Sarcina şi căsătoria timpurie în cazul tinerelor roma'' ), at UNICEF Romania, retrieved June 24, 2007〕
The Romanian-speaking Roma bear or monkey handlers in Bulgaria, called ''mechkari'' (мечкари), ''maymunari'', or ''ursari'', are occasionally seen as a separate community〔 or as a distinct part of the Boyash population,〔Elena Marushiakova, Vesselin Popov, ("Ethnosocial Structure of the Roma of Bulgaria" ), in (''The Patrin Web Journal: Romani Culture and History'' ), retrieved June 24, 2007〕 as are persons identified as Ursari in Italy.〔 (''Scheda progetto per l'impiego di volontari in Servizio Civile in Italia. Pijats Romanò'' ), at the (Centro Servizi per il Volontariato ), retrieved June 24, 2007〕 The ''Coşniţari'' (or ''koshnichari'') group, present on both sides of the Danube (in both Romania and Bulgaria), is believed to be a segment of the Ursari.〔 Delia Grigore, (''Curs de antropologie şi folclor rrom'' ), hosted by Romanothan, retrieved June 24, 2007〕 Other such Eastern European groups, although linked by profession, speak different languages and dialects, and are not considered part of the Ursari; they include the ''Medvedara'' in Greece, ''Ričkara'' in Slovakia, and ''Roma Ayjides'' in the Istanbul area of Turkey.〔〔("Carneys and Street Artists", at Rombase ), retrieved June 23, 2007〕
==History==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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